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A and P > A and P : Chemical basis of Life (wk 2) > Flashcards

A and P : Chemical basis of Life (wk 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major elements?

A

C, H, O, N ; Na, Cl, Mg, K, P, S

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2
Q

What are Trace elements?

A

Fe, Cu, I, Zn, Se

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3
Q

What elements make up 96% of the body?

A

CHON

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4
Q

What element can interact with enzymes due to its small size?
Hint: It makes stable yet, reactive molecules.

A

Carbon

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5
Q

What element is a component of water and cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen

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6
Q

Hydrogen is a component of water. What does it help with? What does it influence?

A

Helps with energy transfer and respiration. Influences pH.

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7
Q

What element is a component of nucleic acids and proteins?

A

Nitrogen

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8
Q

Which elements are cations? Is it Na, Ca, Mg, K?

A

all of the above

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9
Q

Does Na like to be inside or outside of the cell?

A

Outside of the cell (extracellular)

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10
Q

Does K like to live inside or outside of the cell?

A

Inside (intracellular)

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11
Q

What does S help with?

A

Energy production

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12
Q

What type of bond exchanges electrons? Hint” atoms of this bind are reactive and give each other electrical charges.

A

Ionic

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13
Q

What is the strongest bond?

A

Covalent

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14
Q

What is the weakest bond?

A

Hydrogen

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15
Q

True or False? Atoms that have covalent bonds share 1-3 electrons with each other. The electrons spend time in the outer electron shell of one atom and most of their time in the other atom.

A

True

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16
Q

What type of charge does atoms with hydrogen bonds attach to on a molecule?

A

Negative

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17
Q

An element has one type of atom. It is referenced by using a chemical symbol in the periodic table. Give an example of an element.

A

Mg, H, N, O, C, Cl, Na

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18
Q

Molecules have two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds that can be created or broken yo create new chemicals, substances, and bonds. Give an example of a molecule.

A

H2O ; CO2

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19
Q

What is a compound? Hint: difficult to break

A

Homogenous components that are chemically bonded.

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20
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Either homogenous or heterogenous components that can easily be separated due to filtration, straining, etc.

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21
Q

Define Solute. Give an example.

A

A substance in a mixture that is being dissolved.
Example: salt, sugar

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22
Q

Define Solvents. Give an example.

A

A substance that dissolves a solute in a mixture.
Example: water and alcohol

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23
Q

Define Solution. Give an example.

A

A type of liquid mixture that contains electrolytes.
Ex. IV fluids

24
Q

___ identified as a hydrogen bond. It is a universal solvent and is an ideal transport medium. It also has a high heat vaporization, and acts as a lubricant.

A

Water

25
Q

What is a colloid? Give an example.

A

A mixture where small particles are evenly spread throughout another substance.
Ex. Blood plasma when blood is spun down in a vial

26
Q

What is a suspension? Give an example.

A

Things that don’t dissolve well and need to be mixed before use.
Ex. vaccines, medications, insulin

27
Q

____ are H+. They donate protons and freely release H+ ions in water.

A

Acids

28
Q

True or False? Bases are alkaline compounds that freely release OH- ions in the water.

A

True

29
Q

What is a pH (power of hydrogen) scale?

A

A scale that measures acidity and alkalinity of the body. The most acidic is labeled as 1 and the most basic is labeled as 14. 7 is neutral.

30
Q

What pH level does blood need to be at in order to properly handle CO2?

A

7.4

31
Q

Define Buffers.

A

a mixture of weak acid and conjugate salt that resists pH change upon the addition of an acid or base.

32
Q

Why are buffers important?

A

They stabilize solutions once they are added to a body’s blood pH to maintain a neutral level. If it isn’t maintained, the bodies proteins and enzymes will denaturalize and die.

33
Q

What are the 5 things that influence reaction rate?

A
  1. Reactant concentration
  2. the physical state of the reactant
  3. surface area
  4. temperature
  5. the presence of a catalyst
34
Q

______ are proteins that act upon substrates and decrease the activation rate needed for a chemical reaction.

A

Enzymes

35
Q

What organic molecule is used for energy, energy storage, and cellular structure?

A

Carbohydrates

36
Q

What is the difference between complex and simple carbohydrates?

A

Complex Carbohydrates are digested slowly and release glucose into the blood stream more gradually.

Simple carbohydrates are digested quickly and spike blood sugar high and fast.

37
Q

What is the most abundant organic polymer in earth that ONLY herbivores can have.

A

Cellulose

38
Q

What is the primary source of energy that comes from the food we eat?

A

Glucose

39
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A source of glucose that is stored in the liver and maintains steady blood glucose. Is stored in skeletal muscles and is used for long-term energy storage.

40
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

Insulation, cushion, fat soluble vitamins, chemical messenger in form of some hormones

41
Q

What lipid has 3 tails/fatty acids? Hint: It is hydrophobic.

A

Neutral Fats/oils

42
Q

What lipid has a water soluble head and hydrophobic tails (there are 2)? Hint: they create a bilayer used to transport water and non-polar molecules through them

A

Phospholipids

43
Q

What lipid has 4 interlocking rings with chloesterol as the parent molecule.
Hint: used in bile production to aid in fat digestion and absorption.

A

Steroids

44
Q

Eicosanoids form a 20-carbon fatty acid chain and ring structure. What are its 3 types?

A
  1. Prostaglandins (PGs)
  2. Thromboxane
  3. WBC
45
Q

What do PGs and WBC mediate?

A

inflammation

46
Q

What does a thromboxane control?

A

platelet function

47
Q

What is the different between Saturated and Unsaturated neutral fats?

A

Saturated fats (i.e. lard) have single bonds with carbon bonds saturated with hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated fats have double carbon bonds with saturated hydrogen atoms.

48
Q

What is the most abundant organic molecule in the body?
Hint: made up of CHON.

A

Proteins

49
Q

What are the building blocks of protein?

A

Amino Acids

50
Q

How many amino acids are used by the body? Which group defines the amino acid?

A
  1. 20 amino acids
  2. R-group
51
Q

Where do essential fatty acids come from?
Hint: Think of Dr. Villm when he discusses the essential acids that a patient must have

A

Our food source!!!

52
Q

What is a peptide?

A

a chain of 2 or more amino acids linked together.

53
Q

What determines the specific combination, nature, and function that an amino acid will have?

A

DNA

54
Q

What are the types of peptides in order?

A
  1. peptide
  2. Dipeptide
  3. Tri-peptide
  4. Polypeptide
  5. Proteins
55
Q
A

A and P (3 decks)

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