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patho exam 1 > ch 4 > Flashcards

ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what function is physiology

A

normal

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2
Q

what function is pathology

A

abnormal

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3
Q

what is cellular adaptation

A

cells adapt to their environment to avoid and protect themselves from injury (cells may adapt by change in size, number and type)

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4
Q

adapted cells are neither

A

normal or injured they are somewhere between these two

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5
Q

what may enhance the cells funciton

A

early stage of successful adaptation

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6
Q

what are the 5 cellular adaptation

A 
atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
dysplasia
metaplasia
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7
Q

what is atrophy

A

decrease in cell size and increase in efficiency

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8
Q

what cells are most often effected by atrophy

A

skeletal muscle
heart
brain
sex organs

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9
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size and increase amount of functioning tissue mass

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10
Q

what cells are affected most often by hypertrophy

A

skeletal muscles
heart
kidney

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11
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells through mitosis in response to increase workload

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12
Q

what cells are capable of hyperplasia

A

epidermis
intestinal epithelium
glandular tissue

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13
Q

what is pathologic hyperplasia

A

endometrial leading to excessive menstrual bleeding

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14
Q

what is metaplasia

A

damaged or destroyed cells of one type are replaces by cells of another type

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15
Q

what does metaplasia occurs in response to

A

chronic irritation and inflammation

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16
Q

what is dysplasia

A

abnormal size, shape, type

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17
Q

what is neoplasia

A

tumor or cancer cells

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18
Q

what is an example of metaplasia

A

pap smear

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19
Q

can dysplasia be reversed

A

irreversible

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20
Q

can metaplasia be reversed

A

yes if remove of abnormal cells

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21
Q

what is hypoxia

A

lack of O2

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22
Q

what is the most common cause of cellular injury

A

hypoxia

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23
Q

what are the types of hypoxia

A

ischemia
hypoxemia
anemia
histotoxic

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24
Q

what is hypoxemia

A

insufficient oxygen reaching blood cells

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25
Q

what is ischemia

A

failure to transport o2 to cells due to reduced blood supply

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26
Q

what can happen with a blockage in delivery of blood to the cells

A

MI (thrmobosis)
stroke (emoblus)
arteriosclerosis

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27
Q

what is anemia

A

reduction in o2 carryng capacity of blood
decrease in number of RBC
loss of hemoglobin or hemoglobin function

28
Q

what is histotoxic

A

impaired use of o2 by cell

29
Q

how can the injury be reversed

A

if o2 is supplied to the cell in time

30
Q

what happens with a sudden onset of hypoxia

A

cellular and tissue death

31
Q

what if there is a gradual onset of hypoxia

A

cell adaptation usually atrophy

32
Q

what are free radicals

A

atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron making it unstable

33
Q

how do free radicals cause injury

A

lipid peroxidation
fragmentation of polypeptide chains
alteration of DNA

34
Q

what are examples of chemical agent causing cell injury

A

posions
lead-heavy metal that persist in environment
carbon monoxide
alcohol abuse (ethanol)

35
Q

what is the most common cause of poisoning worldwide

A

acetaminophen toxcitiy

36
Q

what are unintentional and intentional injuries

A 
blunt force
contusion
abrasion
laceration
sharp force
gunshot
asphyxial
37
Q

what is a blunt force injury

A

blows, impact or combination

38
Q

what is the most common type injury in healthcare setting

A

blunt force

39
Q

what is contusion

A

bleeding in skin or underlying tissue

bruise

40
Q

what is a hematoma

A

collection of blood in soft tissues or an enclosed space

41
Q

what is a subdural hematoma

A

blood between the inner surface of dura mater and surface of the brain as result of shearing small birding veins.

42
Q

how do subdural hematoma occur

A

blows, falls, sudden accretion/deceleration of head (shaken baby syndrome)

43
Q

what is an epidural hematoma

A

collection of blood between inner surface of skull and the dura

44
Q

how does epidural hematoma occur

A

torn middle meningeal artery associated with skull fracture

45
Q

what is an abrasion

A

removal of superficial layers of skin caused by friction between the skin and the injuring object

46
Q

what is an laceration

A

tear resulting when the tensile strength of skin is exceeded

47
Q

what are some sharp force injuries

A

incised wound
stab wound
puncture wound
chopping wounds

48
Q

what is asphyxial injuries

A

failure of cells to receive or utilize oxygen

49
Q

what are example of asphyxial injuries

A

suffocation
strangulation
chemical
drowning

50
Q

what is an infectious injury

A

due to microorganisms such as bacteria viruses fungi parasites and prions

51
Q

what is necrosis

A

pathological cell death

self digestion

52
Q

what are the processes of cellular death

A

karyolysis
pyknoiss
karyorrhexis

53
Q

what is karyolysis

A

nuclear dissolution and chromation lysis

54
Q

what is pyknosis

A

clumping of the nucleus

55
Q

what is karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of the nucleus

56
Q

what is liquefactive necrosis

A

neuraon and glial cells of the brain
bacterial infeciton
cells become liquid and contained in walled cysts

57
Q

what is caseous necrosis

A

common in tb lung infection

cottage cheese appearance

58
Q

what is fat necrosis

A

common in breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures

white opaque dead tissue

59
Q

what is gangrenous necrosis

A

tissue death over wide area from severe hypoxic injury
dry- because arteries don’t supply,no odor, black, dry
wet- venous interfernece, odor, cold swollen moist black
gas- result of bacterial infection of injured tissue, gas bubbles, attack RBC- sepsis - death

60
Q

what is somatic death

A

death of the entire person

61
Q

what are postmortem change

A

algor mortis
livor mortis
rigor mortis
postmortem autolysis

62
Q

what is algor mortis

A

postmortem reduction of body temp

63
Q

what is livor mortis

A

discoloration in dependent areas of the body due to blood clotting

64
Q

what rigor mortis

A

muscle stiffening due to ATP depletion

65
Q

what is postmortem autolysis

A

putrefactive changes associated with enzyme release

patho exam 1 (5 decks)

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