ch 4 Flashcards
what function is physiology
normal
what function is pathology
abnormal
what is cellular adaptation
cells adapt to their environment to avoid and protect themselves from injury (cells may adapt by change in size, number and type)
adapted cells are neither
normal or injured they are somewhere between these two
what may enhance the cells funciton
early stage of successful adaptation
what are the 5 cellular adaptation
atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia dysplasia metaplasia
what is atrophy
decrease in cell size and increase in efficiency
what cells are most often effected by atrophy
skeletal muscle
heart
brain
sex organs
what is hypertrophy
increase in cell size and increase amount of functioning tissue mass
what cells are affected most often by hypertrophy
skeletal muscles
heart
kidney
what is hyperplasia
increase in number of cells through mitosis in response to increase workload
what cells are capable of hyperplasia
epidermis
intestinal epithelium
glandular tissue
what is pathologic hyperplasia
endometrial leading to excessive menstrual bleeding
what is metaplasia
damaged or destroyed cells of one type are replaces by cells of another type
what does metaplasia occurs in response to
chronic irritation and inflammation
what is dysplasia
abnormal size, shape, type
what is neoplasia
tumor or cancer cells
what is an example of metaplasia
pap smear
can dysplasia be reversed
irreversible
can metaplasia be reversed
yes if remove of abnormal cells
what is hypoxia
lack of O2
what is the most common cause of cellular injury
hypoxia
what are the types of hypoxia
ischemia
hypoxemia
anemia
histotoxic
what is hypoxemia
insufficient oxygen reaching blood cells
what is ischemia
failure to transport o2 to cells due to reduced blood supply
what can happen with a blockage in delivery of blood to the cells
MI (thrmobosis)
stroke (emoblus)
arteriosclerosis
what is anemia
reduction in o2 carryng capacity of blood
decrease in number of RBC
loss of hemoglobin or hemoglobin function
what is histotoxic
impaired use of o2 by cell
how can the injury be reversed
if o2 is supplied to the cell in time
what happens with a sudden onset of hypoxia
cellular and tissue death
what if there is a gradual onset of hypoxia
cell adaptation usually atrophy
what are free radicals
atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron making it unstable
how do free radicals cause injury
lipid peroxidation
fragmentation of polypeptide chains
alteration of DNA
what are examples of chemical agent causing cell injury
posions
lead-heavy metal that persist in environment
carbon monoxide
alcohol abuse (ethanol)
what is the most common cause of poisoning worldwide
acetaminophen toxcitiy
what are unintentional and intentional injuries
blunt force contusion abrasion laceration sharp force gunshot asphyxial
what is a blunt force injury
blows, impact or combination
what is the most common type injury in healthcare setting
blunt force
what is contusion
bleeding in skin or underlying tissue
bruise
what is a hematoma
collection of blood in soft tissues or an enclosed space
what is a subdural hematoma
blood between the inner surface of dura mater and surface of the brain as result of shearing small birding veins.
how do subdural hematoma occur
blows, falls, sudden accretion/deceleration of head (shaken baby syndrome)
what is an epidural hematoma
collection of blood between inner surface of skull and the dura
how does epidural hematoma occur
torn middle meningeal artery associated with skull fracture
what is an abrasion
removal of superficial layers of skin caused by friction between the skin and the injuring object
what is an laceration
tear resulting when the tensile strength of skin is exceeded
what are some sharp force injuries
incised wound
stab wound
puncture wound
chopping wounds
what is asphyxial injuries
failure of cells to receive or utilize oxygen
what are example of asphyxial injuries
suffocation
strangulation
chemical
drowning
what is an infectious injury
due to microorganisms such as bacteria viruses fungi parasites and prions
what is necrosis
pathological cell death
self digestion
what are the processes of cellular death
karyolysis
pyknoiss
karyorrhexis
what is karyolysis
nuclear dissolution and chromation lysis
what is pyknosis
clumping of the nucleus
what is karyorrhexis
fragmentation of the nucleus
what is liquefactive necrosis
neuraon and glial cells of the brain
bacterial infeciton
cells become liquid and contained in walled cysts
what is caseous necrosis
common in tb lung infection
cottage cheese appearance
what is fat necrosis
common in breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures
white opaque dead tissue
what is gangrenous necrosis
tissue death over wide area from severe hypoxic injury
dry- because arteries don’t supply,no odor, black, dry
wet- venous interfernece, odor, cold swollen moist black
gas- result of bacterial infection of injured tissue, gas bubbles, attack RBC- sepsis - death
what is somatic death
death of the entire person
what are postmortem change
algor mortis
livor mortis
rigor mortis
postmortem autolysis
what is algor mortis
postmortem reduction of body temp
what is livor mortis
discoloration in dependent areas of the body due to blood clotting
what rigor mortis
muscle stiffening due to ATP depletion
what is postmortem autolysis
putrefactive changes associated with enzyme release
