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Advocacy & Opposition Ch. 1-3 > Ch. 4, 5, 6, & 7 > Flashcards

Ch. 4, 5, 6, & 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Case Development

A

The process of putting together the argumentative package to advocate or oppose a proposition.

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2
Q

Actual Issues

A

are the questions central to the specific need for knowledge or differences of opinion identified by the wording of the proposition you are preparing to argue.

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3
Q

Analysis

A
  1. locating the immediate cause of concern about the topic. 2. investigating the history of the topic. 3. defining key terms and creating the primary interface for the topic. 4. determining the actual issues in the controversy.
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4
Q

Fact

A

posits whether something is true or untrue, but there must always be the potential for controversy, conflict and conversion.

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5
Q

Value

A

also involve“taste”inart, literature, music, film, food etc. When you “fight” with friends and colleagues over intellectual issues, you are usually debating claims of ______. For example, you determined that the Menendez brothers killed their parents with a shotgun in the claim of fact, but the claim of value investigates all the reasons, good and bad, for this act, in order to establish intent and/or mitigating circumstances.

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6
Q

Policy

A

typically provide a solution or another series of questions in response to the claims of fact.

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7
Q

Inference

A

A conclusion you have reached on the basis of information you have examined

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8
Q

Primary inference

A

the conclusion you draw about what you believe the proposition means based on the information contained in your definition of key terms

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9
Q

Value object

A

The thing you are evaluating

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10
Q

Value judgment term

A

The source of the criteria to make your judgment

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11
Q

Stock issues

A

Field-invariant questions pertaining to propositions of fact, value, or policy that must be answered if belief or behavior is to change

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12
Q

Value hierarchy

A

The implied or actual order imposed on a set of competing values in resolving a problem, for example, in order to be safe from criminals we may have to give up a little freedom

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13
Q

Value object

A

The portion of the value proposition that identifies an existing idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom to be evaluated, the subject of the sentence

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14
Q

Claim

A

Is your own opinion, the conclusion you form from information on the topic

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15
Q

Factual claims

A

Are you what was, is, or will be

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16
Q

Definitional claims

A

Argue how something is to be defined or categorize

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17
Q

Value claims

A

Argue evaluation or pass judgment on something

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18
Q

Policy claims

A

Argue that something should be done

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19
Q

Grounds

A

Information of fact or opinion used to verify the claim, also termed evidence

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20
Q

Warrant

A

The pattern of reasoning that justifies the internal leap from grounds, which are known to be true or probable, to a claim

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21
Q

Backing

A

Information that supports the warrant and helps legitimize the inferential leap from grounds to claims

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22
Q

Qualifier

A

A statement that shows the degree of force an arguer believes a claim possesses

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23
Q

Rebuttal

A

A statement that limits a claim, showing the circumstances under which it might not be true, or a response to an argument that refutes a claim previously made

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24
Q

Evidence

A

Information, taken from material of fact or opinion, used to establish the probable truth of a claim

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25
Q

Statistics

A

Numerical information about people or events used to ground claims

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26
Q

Source reliability

A

The first set of statistics is used to identify the source of the information. Certain agencies and institutions are in the business of getting statistics.

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27
Q

Artifacts

A

Actual exhibits of objects, audio tapes or videotapes, or photographs present it for verification by the audience

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28
Q

Premise

A

Factual evidence that is excepted because it reflects human belief or experience

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29
Q

Opinion evidence

A

Consist of the interpretive and evaluate statements made by an expert in a given field in regard to factual material pertinent to that field

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30
Q

Examples and illustrations

A

Describe or report events, phenomena that exist.

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31
Q

Scientific evidence

A

Reports the result of field and laboratory experiments on the effect of one variable or another

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32
Q

Statistics numerically

A

Represents information about people, events, and phenomena. They may be expressed in the raw numbers or summarized in percentages or averages.

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33
Q

Cause

A

The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is capable of producing the second

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34
Q

Necessary cause

A

A cause that must be present for an effect to occur but that is not itself sufficient to produce the effect without the presence of other necessary causes

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35
Q

Sufficient cause

A

A cause that must be present for an effect to occur and is itself capable of producing that effect without the presence of any other causal factors

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36
Q

Sign

A

The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is a symptom, condition, or mark used to predict the second

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37
Q

Generalization

A

A form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about an entire class of events or individuals

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38
Q

Parallel case

A

Arguments using _____________ involves reasoning on the basis of two or more similar events or cases

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39
Q

Analogy

A

Arguments from ______ assume some fundamental sameness exist between the characteristics of dissimilar cases

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40
Q

Authority

A

As a form of reasoning, argument from ________ relies on the credibility and expertise of the source to warrant acceptance of a claim

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41
Q

Dilemma

A

An argument from _______ forces a choice between two unacceptable alternatives

42
Q

Argumentation

A

Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages

43
Q

Audience

A

Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may except or reject, the arguers message

44
Q

Ethics

A

Is the term we use to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior

45
Q

Field of argument

A

Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting

46
Q

Proposition

A

Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do

47
Q

Prima Facie, presumption

A

Advocates Opponents

48
Q

Burden of proof

A

Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption

49
Q

Reasoning

A

Makes the connection between claims and the evidence used to ground them

50
Q

The process of putting together the argumentative package to advocate or oppose a proposition.

A

Case Development

51
Q

are the questions central to the specific need for knowledge or differences of opinion identified by the wording of the proposition you are preparing to argue.

A

Actual Issues

52
Q
  1. locating the immediate cause of concern about the topic. 2. investigating the history of the topic. 3. defining key terms and creating the primary interface for the topic. 4. determining the actual issues in the controversy.
A

Analysis

53
Q

posits whether something is true or untrue, but there must always be the potential for controversy, conflict and conversion.

A

Fact

54
Q

also involve“taste”inart, literature, music, film, food etc. When you “fight” with friends and colleagues over intellectual issues, you are usually debating claims of ______. For example, you determined that the Menendez brothers killed their parents with a shotgun in the claim of fact, but the claim of value investigates all the reasons, good and bad, for this act, in order to establish intent and/or mitigating circumstances.

A

Value

55
Q

typically provide a solution or another series of questions in response to the claims of fact.

A

Policy

56
Q

A conclusion you have reached on the basis of information you have examined

A

Inference

57
Q

the conclusion you draw about what you believe the proposition means based on the information contained in your definition of key terms

A

Primary inference

58
Q

The thing you are evaluating

A

Value object

59
Q

The source of the criteria to make your judgment

A

Value judgment term

60
Q

Field-invariant questions pertaining to propositions of fact, value, or policy that must be answered if belief or behavior is to change

A

Stock issues

61
Q

The implied or actual order imposed on a set of competing values in resolving a problem, for example, in order to be safe from criminals we may have to give up a little freedom

A

Value hierarchy

62
Q

The portion of the value proposition that identifies an existing idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom to be evaluated, the subject of the sentence

A

Value object

63
Q

Is your own opinion, the conclusion you form from information on the topic

A

Claim

64
Q

Are you what was, is, or will be

A

Factual claims

65
Q

Argue how something is to be defined or categorize

A

Definitional claims

66
Q

Argue evaluation or pass judgment on something

A

Value claims

67
Q

Argue that something should be done

A

Policy claims

68
Q

Information of fact or opinion used to verify the claim, also termed evidence

A

Grounds

69
Q

The pattern of reasoning that justifies the internal leap from grounds, which are known to be true or probable, to a claim

A

Warrant

70
Q

Information that supports the warrant and helps legitimize the inferential leap from grounds to claims

A

Backing

71
Q

A statement that shows the degree of force an arguer believes a claim possesses

A

Qualifier

72
Q

A statement that limits a claim, showing the circumstances under which it might not be true, or a response to an argument that refutes a claim previously made

A

Rebuttal

73
Q

Information, taken from material of fact or opinion, used to establish the probable truth of a claim

A

Evidence

74
Q

Numerical information about people or events used to ground claims

A

Statistics

75
Q

The first set of statistics is used to identify the source of the information. Certain agencies and institutions are in the business of getting statistics.

A

Source reliability

76
Q

Actual exhibits of objects, audio tapes or videotapes, or photographs present it for verification by the audience

A

Artifacts

77
Q

Factual evidence that is excepted because it reflects human belief or experience

A

Premise

78
Q

Consist of the interpretive and evaluate statements made by an expert in a given field in regard to factual material pertinent to that field

A

Opinion evidence

79
Q

Describe or report events, phenomena that exist.

A

Examples and illustrations

80
Q

Reports the result of field and laboratory experiments on the effect of one variable or another

A

Scientific evidence

81
Q

Represents information about people, events, and phenomena. They may be expressed in the raw numbers or summarized in percentages or averages.

A

Statistics numerically

82
Q

The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is capable of producing the second

A

Cause

83
Q

A cause that must be present for an effect to occur but that is not itself sufficient to produce the effect without the presence of other necessary causes

A

Necessary cause

84
Q

A cause that must be present for an effect to occur and is itself capable of producing that effect without the presence of any other causal factors

A

Sufficient cause

85
Q

The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is a symptom, condition, or mark used to predict the second

A

Sign

86
Q

A form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about an entire class of events or individuals

A

Generalization

87
Q

Arguments using _____________ involves reasoning on the basis of two or more similar events or cases

A

Parallel case

88
Q

Arguments from ______ assume some fundamental sameness exist between the characteristics of dissimilar cases

A

Analogy

89
Q

As a form of reasoning, argument from ________ relies on the credibility and expertise of the source to warrant acceptance of a claim

A

Authority

90
Q

An argument from _______ forces a choice between two unacceptable alternatives

A

Dilemma

91
Q

Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages

A

Argumentation

92
Q

Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may except or reject, the arguers message

A

Audience

93
Q

Is the term we use to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior

A

Ethics

94
Q

Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting

A

Field of argument

95
Q

Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do

A

Proposition

96
Q

Advocates Opponents

A

Prima Facie, presumption

97
Q

Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption

A

Burden of proof

98
Q

Makes the connection between claims and the evidence used to ground them

A

Reasoning

99
Q

based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise

A

Prima Facie-

100
Q

Prima Facie

A

based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise​

101
Q

an act or instance of taking something to be true or adopting a particular attitude toward something, especially at the start of a chain of argument or action

A

presumption-

102
Q

presumption

A

an act or instance of taking something to be true or adopting a particular attitude toward something, especially at the start of a chain of argument or action

Advocacy & Opposition Ch. 1-3 (3 decks)

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