Ch. 4, 5, 6, & 7 Flashcards
Case Development
The process of putting together the argumentative package to advocate or oppose a proposition.
Actual Issues
are the questions central to the specific need for knowledge or differences of opinion identified by the wording of the proposition you are preparing to argue.
Analysis
- locating the immediate cause of concern about the topic. 2. investigating the history of the topic. 3. defining key terms and creating the primary interface for the topic. 4. determining the actual issues in the controversy.
Fact
posits whether something is true or untrue, but there must always be the potential for controversy, conflict and conversion.
Value
also involve“taste”inart, literature, music, film, food etc. When you “fight” with friends and colleagues over intellectual issues, you are usually debating claims of ______. For example, you determined that the Menendez brothers killed their parents with a shotgun in the claim of fact, but the claim of value investigates all the reasons, good and bad, for this act, in order to establish intent and/or mitigating circumstances.
Policy
typically provide a solution or another series of questions in response to the claims of fact.
Inference
A conclusion you have reached on the basis of information you have examined
Primary inference
the conclusion you draw about what you believe the proposition means based on the information contained in your definition of key terms
Value object
The thing you are evaluating
Value judgment term
The source of the criteria to make your judgment
Stock issues
Field-invariant questions pertaining to propositions of fact, value, or policy that must be answered if belief or behavior is to change
Value hierarchy
The implied or actual order imposed on a set of competing values in resolving a problem, for example, in order to be safe from criminals we may have to give up a little freedom
Value object
The portion of the value proposition that identifies an existing idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom to be evaluated, the subject of the sentence
Claim
Is your own opinion, the conclusion you form from information on the topic
Factual claims
Are you what was, is, or will be
Definitional claims
Argue how something is to be defined or categorize
Value claims
Argue evaluation or pass judgment on something
Policy claims
Argue that something should be done
Grounds
Information of fact or opinion used to verify the claim, also termed evidence
Warrant
The pattern of reasoning that justifies the internal leap from grounds, which are known to be true or probable, to a claim
Backing
Information that supports the warrant and helps legitimize the inferential leap from grounds to claims
Qualifier
A statement that shows the degree of force an arguer believes a claim possesses
Rebuttal
A statement that limits a claim, showing the circumstances under which it might not be true, or a response to an argument that refutes a claim previously made
Evidence
Information, taken from material of fact or opinion, used to establish the probable truth of a claim
Statistics
Numerical information about people or events used to ground claims
Source reliability
The first set of statistics is used to identify the source of the information. Certain agencies and institutions are in the business of getting statistics.
Artifacts
Actual exhibits of objects, audio tapes or videotapes, or photographs present it for verification by the audience
Premise
Factual evidence that is excepted because it reflects human belief or experience
Opinion evidence
Consist of the interpretive and evaluate statements made by an expert in a given field in regard to factual material pertinent to that field
Examples and illustrations
Describe or report events, phenomena that exist.
Scientific evidence
Reports the result of field and laboratory experiments on the effect of one variable or another
Statistics numerically
Represents information about people, events, and phenomena. They may be expressed in the raw numbers or summarized in percentages or averages.
Cause
The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is capable of producing the second
Necessary cause
A cause that must be present for an effect to occur but that is not itself sufficient to produce the effect without the presence of other necessary causes
Sufficient cause
A cause that must be present for an effect to occur and is itself capable of producing that effect without the presence of any other causal factors
Sign
The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is a symptom, condition, or mark used to predict the second
Generalization
A form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about an entire class of events or individuals
Parallel case
Arguments using _____________ involves reasoning on the basis of two or more similar events or cases
Analogy
Arguments from ______ assume some fundamental sameness exist between the characteristics of dissimilar cases
Authority
As a form of reasoning, argument from ________ relies on the credibility and expertise of the source to warrant acceptance of a claim
Dilemma
An argument from _______ forces a choice between two unacceptable alternatives
Argumentation
Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages
Audience
Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may except or reject, the arguers message
Ethics
Is the term we use to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior
Field of argument
Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting
Proposition
Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do
Prima Facie, presumption
Advocates Opponents
Burden of proof
Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption
Reasoning
Makes the connection between claims and the evidence used to ground them
The process of putting together the argumentative package to advocate or oppose a proposition.
Case Development
are the questions central to the specific need for knowledge or differences of opinion identified by the wording of the proposition you are preparing to argue.
Actual Issues
- locating the immediate cause of concern about the topic. 2. investigating the history of the topic. 3. defining key terms and creating the primary interface for the topic. 4. determining the actual issues in the controversy.
Analysis
posits whether something is true or untrue, but there must always be the potential for controversy, conflict and conversion.
Fact
also involve“taste”inart, literature, music, film, food etc. When you “fight” with friends and colleagues over intellectual issues, you are usually debating claims of ______. For example, you determined that the Menendez brothers killed their parents with a shotgun in the claim of fact, but the claim of value investigates all the reasons, good and bad, for this act, in order to establish intent and/or mitigating circumstances.
Value
typically provide a solution or another series of questions in response to the claims of fact.
Policy
A conclusion you have reached on the basis of information you have examined
Inference
the conclusion you draw about what you believe the proposition means based on the information contained in your definition of key terms
Primary inference
The thing you are evaluating
Value object
The source of the criteria to make your judgment
Value judgment term
Field-invariant questions pertaining to propositions of fact, value, or policy that must be answered if belief or behavior is to change
Stock issues
The implied or actual order imposed on a set of competing values in resolving a problem, for example, in order to be safe from criminals we may have to give up a little freedom
Value hierarchy
The portion of the value proposition that identifies an existing idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom to be evaluated, the subject of the sentence
Value object
Is your own opinion, the conclusion you form from information on the topic
Claim
Are you what was, is, or will be
Factual claims
Argue how something is to be defined or categorize
Definitional claims
Argue evaluation or pass judgment on something
Value claims
Argue that something should be done
Policy claims
Information of fact or opinion used to verify the claim, also termed evidence
Grounds
The pattern of reasoning that justifies the internal leap from grounds, which are known to be true or probable, to a claim
Warrant
Information that supports the warrant and helps legitimize the inferential leap from grounds to claims
Backing
A statement that shows the degree of force an arguer believes a claim possesses
Qualifier
A statement that limits a claim, showing the circumstances under which it might not be true, or a response to an argument that refutes a claim previously made
Rebuttal
Information, taken from material of fact or opinion, used to establish the probable truth of a claim
Evidence
Numerical information about people or events used to ground claims
Statistics
The first set of statistics is used to identify the source of the information. Certain agencies and institutions are in the business of getting statistics.
Source reliability
Actual exhibits of objects, audio tapes or videotapes, or photographs present it for verification by the audience
Artifacts
Factual evidence that is excepted because it reflects human belief or experience
Premise
Consist of the interpretive and evaluate statements made by an expert in a given field in regard to factual material pertinent to that field
Opinion evidence
Describe or report events, phenomena that exist.
Examples and illustrations
Reports the result of field and laboratory experiments on the effect of one variable or another
Scientific evidence
Represents information about people, events, and phenomena. They may be expressed in the raw numbers or summarized in percentages or averages.
Statistics numerically
The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is capable of producing the second
Cause
A cause that must be present for an effect to occur but that is not itself sufficient to produce the effect without the presence of other necessary causes
Necessary cause
A cause that must be present for an effect to occur and is itself capable of producing that effect without the presence of any other causal factors
Sufficient cause
The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is a symptom, condition, or mark used to predict the second
Sign
A form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about an entire class of events or individuals
Generalization
Arguments using _____________ involves reasoning on the basis of two or more similar events or cases
Parallel case
Arguments from ______ assume some fundamental sameness exist between the characteristics of dissimilar cases
Analogy
As a form of reasoning, argument from ________ relies on the credibility and expertise of the source to warrant acceptance of a claim
Authority
An argument from _______ forces a choice between two unacceptable alternatives
Dilemma
Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages
Argumentation
Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may except or reject, the arguers message
Audience
Is the term we use to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior
Ethics
Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting
Field of argument
Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do
Proposition
Advocates Opponents
Prima Facie, presumption
Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption
Burden of proof
Makes the connection between claims and the evidence used to ground them
Reasoning
based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise
Prima Facie-
Prima Facie
based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise
an act or instance of taking something to be true or adopting a particular attitude toward something, especially at the start of a chain of argument or action
presumption-
presumption
an act or instance of taking something to be true or adopting a particular attitude toward something, especially at the start of a chain of argument or action
