Ch. 4, 5, 6, & 7

Question 1

Case Development

Answer 1

The process of putting together the argumentative package to advocate or oppose a proposition.

Question 2

Actual Issues

Answer 2

are the questions central to the specific need for knowledge or differences of opinion identified by the wording of the proposition you are preparing to argue.

Question 3

Analysis

Answer 3

1. locating the immediate cause of concern about the topic. 2. investigating the history of the topic. 3. defining key terms and creating the primary interface for the topic. 4. determining the actual issues in the controversy.

Question 4

Fact

Answer 4

posits whether something is true or untrue, but there must always be the potential for controversy, conflict and conversion.

Question 5

Value

Answer 5

also involve“taste”inart, literature, music, film, food etc. When you “fight” with friends and colleagues over intellectual issues, you are usually debating claims of ______. For example, you determined that the Menendez brothers killed their parents with a shotgun in the claim of fact, but the claim of value investigates all the reasons, good and bad, for this act, in order to establish intent and/or mitigating circumstances.

Question 6

Policy

Answer 6

typically provide a solution or another series of questions in response to the claims of fact.

Question 7

Inference

Answer 7

A conclusion you have reached on the basis of information you have examined

Question 8

Primary inference

Answer 8

the conclusion you draw about what you believe the proposition means based on the information contained in your definition of key terms

Question 9

Value object

Answer 9

The thing you are evaluating

Question 10

Value judgment term

Answer 10

The source of the criteria to make your judgment

Question 11

Stock issues

Answer 11

Field-invariant questions pertaining to propositions of fact, value, or policy that must be answered if belief or behavior is to change

Question 12

Value hierarchy

Answer 12

The implied or actual order imposed on a set of competing values in resolving a problem, for example, in order to be safe from criminals we may have to give up a little freedom

Question 13

Value object

Answer 13

The portion of the value proposition that identifies an existing idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom to be evaluated, the subject of the sentence

Question 14

Claim

Answer 14

Is your own opinion, the conclusion you form from information on the topic

Question 15

Factual claims

Answer 15

Are you what was, is, or will be

Question 16

Definitional claims

Answer 16

Argue how something is to be defined or categorize

Question 17

Value claims

Answer 17

Argue evaluation or pass judgment on something

Question 18

Policy claims

Answer 18

Argue that something should be done

Question 19

Grounds

Answer 19

Information of fact or opinion used to verify the claim, also termed evidence

Question 20

Warrant

Answer 20

The pattern of reasoning that justifies the internal leap from grounds, which are known to be true or probable, to a claim

Question 21

Backing

Answer 21

Information that supports the warrant and helps legitimize the inferential leap from grounds to claims

Question 22

Qualifier

Answer 22

A statement that shows the degree of force an arguer believes a claim possesses

Question 23

Rebuttal

Answer 23

A statement that limits a claim, showing the circumstances under which it might not be true, or a response to an argument that refutes a claim previously made

Question 24

Evidence

Answer 24

Information, taken from material of fact or opinion, used to establish the probable truth of a claim

Question 25

Statistics

Answer 25

Numerical information about people or events used to ground claims

Question 26

Source reliability

Answer 26

The first set of statistics is used to identify the source of the information. Certain agencies and institutions are in the business of getting statistics.

Question 27

Artifacts

Answer 27

Actual exhibits of objects, audio tapes or videotapes, or photographs present it for verification by the audience

Question 28

Premise

Answer 28

Factual evidence that is excepted because it reflects human belief or experience

Question 29

Opinion evidence

Answer 29

Consist of the interpretive and evaluate statements made by an expert in a given field in regard to factual material pertinent to that field

Question 30

Examples and illustrations

Answer 30

Describe or report events, phenomena that exist.

Question 31

Scientific evidence

Answer 31

Reports the result of field and laboratory experiments on the effect of one variable or another

Question 32

Statistics numerically

Answer 32

Represents information about people, events, and phenomena. They may be expressed in the raw numbers or summarized in percentages or averages.

Question 33

Cause

Answer 33

The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is capable of producing the second

Question 34

Necessary cause

Answer 34

A cause that must be present for an effect to occur but that is not itself sufficient to produce the effect without the presence of other necessary causes

Question 35

Sufficient cause

Answer 35

A cause that must be present for an effect to occur and is itself capable of producing that effect without the presence of any other causal factors

Question 36

Sign

Answer 36

The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is a symptom, condition, or mark used to predict the second

Question 37

Generalization

Answer 37

A form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about an entire class of events or individuals

Question 38

Parallel case

Answer 38

Arguments using _____________ involves reasoning on the basis of two or more similar events or cases

Question 39

Analogy

Answer 39

Arguments from ______ assume some fundamental sameness exist between the characteristics of dissimilar cases

Question 40

Authority

Answer 40

As a form of reasoning, argument from ________ relies on the credibility and expertise of the source to warrant acceptance of a claim

Question 41

Dilemma

Answer 41

An argument from _______ forces a choice between two unacceptable alternatives

Question 42

Argumentation

Answer 42

Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages

Question 43

Audience

Answer 43

Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may except or reject, the arguers message

Question 44

Ethics

Answer 44

Is the term we use to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior

Question 45

Field of argument

Answer 45

Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting

Question 46

Proposition

Answer 46

Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do

Question 47

Prima Facie, presumption

Answer 47

Advocates Opponents

Question 48

Burden of proof

Answer 48

Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption

Question 49

Reasoning

Answer 49

Makes the connection between claims and the evidence used to ground them

Question 50

The process of putting together the argumentative package to advocate or oppose a proposition.

Answer 50

Case Development

Question 51

are the questions central to the specific need for knowledge or differences of opinion identified by the wording of the proposition you are preparing to argue.

Answer 51

Actual Issues

Question 52

1. locating the immediate cause of concern about the topic. 2. investigating the history of the topic. 3. defining key terms and creating the primary interface for the topic. 4. determining the actual issues in the controversy.

Answer 52

Analysis

Question 53

posits whether something is true or untrue, but there must always be the potential for controversy, conflict and conversion.

Answer 53

Fact

Question 54

also involve“taste”inart, literature, music, film, food etc. When you “fight” with friends and colleagues over intellectual issues, you are usually debating claims of \_\_\_\_\_\_. For example, you determined that the Menendez brothers killed their parents with a shotgun in the claim of fact, but the claim of value investigates all the reasons, good and bad, for this act, in order to establish intent and/or mitigating circumstances.

Answer 54

Value

Question 55

typically provide a solution or another series of questions in response to the claims of fact.

Answer 55

Policy

Question 56

A conclusion you have reached on the basis of information you have examined

Answer 56

Inference

Question 57

the conclusion you draw about what you believe the proposition means based on the information contained in your definition of key terms

Answer 57

Primary inference

Question 58

The thing you are evaluating

Answer 58

Value object

Question 59

The source of the criteria to make your judgment

Answer 59

Value judgment term

Question 60

Field-invariant questions pertaining to propositions of fact, value, or policy that must be answered if belief or behavior is to change

Answer 60

Stock issues

Question 61

The implied or actual order imposed on a set of competing values in resolving a problem, for example, in order to be safe from criminals we may have to give up a little freedom

Answer 61

Value hierarchy

Question 62

The portion of the value proposition that identifies an existing idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom to be evaluated, the subject of the sentence

Answer 62

Value object

Question 63

Is your own opinion, the conclusion you form from information on the topic

Answer 63

Claim

Question 64

Are you what was, is, or will be

Answer 64

Factual claims

Question 65

Argue how something is to be defined or categorize

Answer 65

Definitional claims

Question 66

Argue evaluation or pass judgment on something

Answer 66

Value claims

Question 67

Argue that something should be done

Answer 67

Policy claims

Question 68

Information of fact or opinion used to verify the claim, also termed evidence

Answer 68

Grounds

Question 69

The pattern of reasoning that justifies the internal leap from grounds, which are known to be true or probable, to a claim

Answer 69

Warrant

Question 70

Information that supports the warrant and helps legitimize the inferential leap from grounds to claims

Answer 70

Backing

Question 71

A statement that shows the degree of force an arguer believes a claim possesses

Answer 71

Qualifier

Question 72

A statement that limits a claim, showing the circumstances under which it might not be true, or a response to an argument that refutes a claim previously made

Answer 72

Rebuttal

Question 73

Information, taken from material of fact or opinion, used to establish the probable truth of a claim

Answer 73

Evidence

Question 74

Numerical information about people or events used to ground claims

Answer 74

Statistics

Question 75

The first set of statistics is used to identify the source of the information. Certain agencies and institutions are in the business of getting statistics.

Answer 75

Source reliability

Question 76

Actual exhibits of objects, audio tapes or videotapes, or photographs present it for verification by the audience

Answer 76

Artifacts

Question 77

Factual evidence that is excepted because it reflects human belief or experience

Answer 77

Premise

Question 78

Consist of the interpretive and evaluate statements made by an expert in a given field in regard to factual material pertinent to that field

Answer 78

Opinion evidence

Question 79

Describe or report events, phenomena that exist.

Answer 79

Examples and illustrations

Question 80

Reports the result of field and laboratory experiments on the effect of one variable or another

Answer 80

Scientific evidence

Question 81

Represents information about people, events, and phenomena. They may be expressed in the raw numbers or summarized in percentages or averages.

Answer 81

Statistics numerically

Question 82

The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is capable of producing the second

Answer 82

Cause

Question 83

A cause that must be present for an effect to occur but that is not itself sufficient to produce the effect without the presence of other necessary causes

Answer 83

Necessary cause

Question 84

A cause that must be present for an effect to occur and is itself capable of producing that effect without the presence of any other causal factors

Answer 84

Sufficient cause

Question 85

The pattern of reasoning that suggests a temporal connection between phenomena in which the first is a symptom, condition, or mark used to predict the second

Answer 85

Sign

Question 86

A form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about an entire class of events or individuals

Answer 86

Generalization

Question 87

Arguments using _____________ involves reasoning on the basis of two or more similar events or cases

Answer 87

Parallel case

Question 88

Arguments from ______ assume some fundamental sameness exist between the characteristics of dissimilar cases

Answer 88

Analogy

Question 89

As a form of reasoning, argument from ________ relies on the credibility and expertise of the source to warrant acceptance of a claim

Answer 89

Authority

Question 90

An argument from _______ forces a choice between two unacceptable alternatives

Answer 90

Dilemma

Question 91

Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages

Answer 91

Argumentation

Question 92

Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may except or reject, the arguers message

Answer 92

Audience

Question 93

Is the term we use to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior

Answer 93

Ethics

Question 94

Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting

Answer 94

Field of argument

Question 95

Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do

Answer 95

Proposition

Question 96

Advocates Opponents

Answer 96

Prima Facie, presumption

Question 97

Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption

Answer 97

Burden of proof

Question 98

Makes the connection between claims and the evidence used to ground them

Answer 98

Reasoning

Question 99

based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise

Answer 99

Prima Facie-

Question 100

Prima Facie

Answer 100

based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise​

Question 101

an act or instance of taking something to be true or adopting a particular attitude toward something, especially at the start of a chain of argument or action

Answer 101

presumption-

Question 102

presumption

Answer 102

an act or instance of taking something to be true or adopting a particular attitude toward something, especially at the start of a chain of argument or action