Ch. 1, 2, & 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Argumentation
A
Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages.
2
Q
Audience
A
Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may accept or reject, the arguers message.
3
Q
Ethics
A
Is the term we used to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior.
4
Q
Deontological ethics
A
Is based on a set of absolutes, or rules of conduct, that differentiate between right and wrong.
5
Q
Clarity
A
A speaker or writer should strive for clearly express ideas.
6
Q
Decoding
A
The interpretative process the audience members and other viewers used to come to an understanding of what you mean.
7
Q
Honesty
A
The orientation toward truth telling is at the heart of honesty. Honesty is saying what you believe to be the truth of the matter.
8
Q
Efficiency
A
As an ethical standard does not mean taking shortcuts or offering minimal proof and reasoning in making your point.
9
Q
Relevance
A
What have the greatest impact on the extent to which an audience member would follow the central route and processing a message.
10
Q
Discourse ethics
A
Are not so much a set of norms for what constitutes good or right behavior, but rather they address the attitude one should bring to the process of engaging in argumentation.
11
Q
Persuasion
A
Attempt to move an audience to accept or identify with a particular view.
12
Q
Rhetorical
A
Logical, cognitive, and emotional audiences.
13
Q
Dialectical
A
Two experts having a conversation
14
Q
Logical
A
Formal rules between bad and good
15
Q
Field of argument
A
Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting.
16
Q
Field dependent
A
Understanding the field and that you are arguing in.
17
Q
Theory
A
Strong body of knowledge
18
Q
Advocate
A
Call for a change
19
Q
Opponent
A
Defend current
20
Q
Proposition
A
Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do
21
Q
Field dependent
A
Elements that are particular to that field alone
22
Q
Presumption
A
The process of argumentation, you must identify the beliefs and behaviors that a field presently favors.
23
Q
Artificial presumption
A
Demonstrates how presumption is influenced by a field
24
Q
Natural presumption
A
Derives from the observation of the natural order of whatever field we find ourselves in at a given time
25
Burden of proof
Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption
26
Prima facie case
Is one that "at first sight" or "on the face of it" is sufficient to justify changing beliefs or behavior . Causes us to suspend our reliance on presumption as a guide for belief or behavior.
27
Inherency
Argumentation is used to decide whether change is justified.
28
Structural
Operationalize these beliefs
29
Attitudinal
Cause is found in the beliefs of the field
30
Proposition
A statement that identifies the argumentative ground and points to a change in belief or behavior
31
Terministic screen
Choosing a particular word sets limits, direct attention in a certain way, or creates a feeling based on the symbol chosen
32
Fact
Mass media play a sufficient role in shaping the values of Americans
33
Value
American entertainment television programming is morally deficient
34
Factual propositions
Seek to alter our beliefs. They assert that relationship between things exist, that there are appropriate interpretations of the observable word, or what is found in a quest for knowledge
35
Past fact
The American entertainment media where and a junction of the military during World War II. Life evolved naturally from existing conditions on earth
36
Present facts
The American mass media are relatively free from government regulation compared to media and other countries. Illegal immigration deprives US citizens of jobs
37
Future Fact
New technology will make the present system of broadcast regulation irrelevant by 2020. Most large species of wildlife will cease to exist outside zoos and game preserves in the next decade
38
Value propositions
attempt to alter belief by examining our subjective reactions to things and our opinions of them.
39
Singular value
Reality television programming sacrifices quality for Nielsen ratings
40
Comparative Value
The rights of endangered animal species are more important than the rights of indigenous human populations
41
Value object
Is the thing being evaluated. It needs some idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom that exist or is proposed.
42
Value judgment term
Found in the predicate of the proposition, serves as the source of criteria used to evaluate the value object.
43
Policy propositions
Recommend a change in behavior or create a call to action
44
Should
Suggest that something ought to be done, not necessarily that It will be done.
45
The inclusionary rule
Phrase definitions in such a way that they include things that appropriately fall under the term
46
The exclusionary rule
Raise definitions to exclude those things not appropriate to terms (just the opposite of the inclusionary rule)
47
The adaptation rule
Phrase definitions so that the meetings are appropriate to the propositions figurative ground
48
The neutrality rule
Phrase definitions to avoid unnecessary emotionality
49
The clarity rule
Phrase definitions so that they will be understood more readily than the terms they define
50
Equivocal terms
Have two or more equally correct meetings.
51
Vague terms
Aslo called ambiguous terms, have shades of meaning, they lack clear-cut definitions, so that each person is free to supply his or her own meaning
52
Technical terms
Include jargon or specialized terms that belong to a particular field or profession
53
New terms
Are additions to the language, words or phrases that do not exist in the common vocabulary
54
Synonym
A more familiar word similar to the term in both denotative and connotative meaning.
55
Definition by authority
We have mentioned using "field-specific" sources for definitions that will be appropriate to the field in which you are arguing. Using a source in the field of your topic
56
Definition by example
Terms may be defined by providing a relevant example to explain how something is to be understood
57
Definition by function
Terms may be used by the function an object, instrument, agency, or concept performs.
58
Definition by operation
When you want to clarify the meaning of the term by explaining it as the result of a series of steps, you might use an operational definition.
59
Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages.
Argumentation
60
Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may accept or reject, the arguers message.
Audience
61
Is the term we used to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior.
Ethics
62
Is based on a set of absolutes, or rules of conduct, that differentiate between right and wrong.
Deontological ethics
63
A speaker or writer should strive for clearly express ideas.
Clarity
64
The interpretative process the audience members and other viewers used to come to an understanding of what you mean.
Decoding
65
The orientation toward truth telling is at the heart of honesty. Honesty is saying what you believe to be the truth of the matter.
Honesty
66
As an ethical standard does not mean taking shortcuts or offering minimal proof and reasoning in making your point.
Efficiency
67
What have the greatest impact on the extent to which an audience member would follow the central route and processing a message.
Relevance
68
Are not so much a set of norms for what constitutes good or right behavior, but rather they address the attitude one should bring to the process of engaging in argumentation.
Discourse ethics
69
Attempt to move an audience to accept or identify with a particular view.
Persuasion
70
Logical, cognitive, and emotional audiences.
Rhetorical
71
Two experts having a conversation
Dialectical
72
Formal rules between bad and good
Logical
73
Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting.
Field of argument
74
Understanding the field and that you are arguing in.
Field dependent
75
Strong body of knowledge
Theory
76
Call for a change
Advocate
77
Defend current
Opponent
78
Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do
Proposition
79
Elements that are particular to that field alone
Field dependent
80
The process of argumentation, you must identify the beliefs and behaviors that a field presently favors.
Presumption
81
Demonstrates how presumption is influenced by a field
Artificial presumption
82
Derives from the observation of the natural order of whatever field we find ourselves in at a given time
Natural presumption
83
Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption
Burden of proof
84
Is one that "at first sight" or "on the face of it" is sufficient to justify changing beliefs or behavior . Causes us to suspend our reliance on presumption as a guide for belief or behavior.
Prima facie case
85
Argumentation is used to decide whether change is justified.
Inherency
86
Operationalize these beliefs
Structural
87
Cause is found in the beliefs of the field
Attitudinal
88
A statement that identifies the argumentative ground and points to a change in belief or behavior
Proposition
89
Choosing a particular word sets limits, direct attention in a certain way, or creates a feeling based on the symbol chosen
Terministic screen
90
Mass media play a sufficient role in shaping the values of Americans
Fact
91
American entertainment television programming is morally deficient
Value
92
Seek to alter our beliefs. They assert that relationship between things exist, that there are appropriate interpretations of the observable word, or what is found in a quest for knowledge
Factual propositions
93
The American entertainment media where and a junction of the military during World War II. Life evolved naturally from existing conditions on earth
Past fact
94
The American mass media are relatively free from government regulation compared to media and other countries. Illegal immigration deprives US citizens of jobs
Present facts
95
New technology will make the present system of broadcast regulation irrelevant by 2020. Most large species of wildlife will cease to exist outside zoos and game preserves in the next decade
Future Fact
96
attempt to alter belief by examining our subjective reactions to things and our opinions of them.
Value propositions
97
Reality television programming sacrifices quality for Nielsen ratings
Singular value
98
The rights of endangered animal species are more important than the rights of indigenous human populations
Comparative Value
99
Is the thing being evaluated. It needs some idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom that exist or is proposed.
Value object
100
Found in the predicate of the proposition, serves as the source of criteria used to evaluate the value object.
Value judgment term
101
Recommend a change in behavior or create a call to action
Policy propositions
102
Suggest that something ought to be done, not necessarily that It will be done.
Should
103
Phrase definitions in such a way that they include things that appropriately fall under the term
The inclusionary rule
104
Raise definitions to exclude those things not appropriate to terms (just the opposite of the inclusionary rule)
The exclusionary rule
105
Phrase definitions so that the meetings are appropriate to the propositions figurative ground
The adaptation rule
106
Phrase definitions to avoid unnecessary emotionality
The neutrality rule
107
Phrase definitions so that they will be understood more readily than the terms they define
The clarity rule
108
Have two or more equally correct meetings.
Equivocal terms
109
Aslo called ambiguous terms, have shades of meaning, they lack clear-cut definitions, so that each person is free to supply his or her own meaning
Vague terms
110
Include jargon or specialized terms that belong to a particular field or profession
Technical terms
111
Are additions to the language, words or phrases that do not exist in the common vocabulary
New terms
112
A more familiar word similar to the term in both denotative and connotative meaning.
Synonym
113
We have mentioned using "field-specific" sources for definitions that will be appropriate to the field in which you are arguing. Using a source in the field of your topic
Definition by authority
114
Terms may be defined by providing a relevant example to explain how something is to be understood
Definition by example
115
Terms may be used by the function an object, instrument, agency, or concept performs.
Definition by function
116
When you want to clarify the meaning of the term by explaining it as the result of a series of steps, you might use an operational definition.
Definition by operation
