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Advocacy & Opposition Ch. 1-3 > Ch. 1, 2, & 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 1, 2, & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Argumentation

A

Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages.

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2
Q

Audience

A

Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may accept or reject, the arguers message.

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3
Q

Ethics

A

Is the term we used to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior.

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4
Q

Deontological ethics

A

Is based on a set of absolutes, or rules of conduct, that differentiate between right and wrong.

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5
Q

Clarity

A

A speaker or writer should strive for clearly express ideas.

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6
Q

Decoding

A

The interpretative process the audience members and other viewers used to come to an understanding of what you mean.

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7
Q

Honesty

A

The orientation toward truth telling is at the heart of honesty. Honesty is saying what you believe to be the truth of the matter.

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8
Q

Efficiency

A

As an ethical standard does not mean taking shortcuts or offering minimal proof and reasoning in making your point.

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9
Q

Relevance

A

What have the greatest impact on the extent to which an audience member would follow the central route and processing a message.

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10
Q

Discourse ethics

A

Are not so much a set of norms for what constitutes good or right behavior, but rather they address the attitude one should bring to the process of engaging in argumentation.

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11
Q

Persuasion

A

Attempt to move an audience to accept or identify with a particular view.

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12
Q

Rhetorical

A

Logical, cognitive, and emotional audiences.

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13
Q

Dialectical

A

Two experts having a conversation

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14
Q

Logical

A

Formal rules between bad and good

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15
Q

Field of argument

A

Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting.

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16
Q

Field dependent

A

Understanding the field and that you are arguing in.

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17
Q

Theory

A

Strong body of knowledge

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18
Q

Advocate

A

Call for a change

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19
Q

Opponent

A

Defend current

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20
Q

Proposition

A

Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do

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21
Q

Field dependent

A

Elements that are particular to that field alone

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22
Q

Presumption

A

The process of argumentation, you must identify the beliefs and behaviors that a field presently favors.

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23
Q

Artificial presumption

A

Demonstrates how presumption is influenced by a field

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24
Q

Natural presumption

A

Derives from the observation of the natural order of whatever field we find ourselves in at a given time

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25
Q

Burden of proof

A

Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption

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26
Q

Prima facie case

A

Is one that “at first sight” or “on the face of it” is sufficient to justify changing beliefs or behavior . Causes us to suspend our reliance on presumption as a guide for belief or behavior.

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27
Q

Inherency

A

Argumentation is used to decide whether change is justified.

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28
Q

Structural

A

Operationalize these beliefs

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29
Q

Attitudinal

A

Cause is found in the beliefs of the field

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30
Q

Proposition

A

A statement that identifies the argumentative ground and points to a change in belief or behavior

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31
Q

Terministic screen

A

Choosing a particular word sets limits, direct attention in a certain way, or creates a feeling based on the symbol chosen

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32
Q

Fact

A

Mass media play a sufficient role in shaping the values of Americans

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33
Q

Value

A

American entertainment television programming is morally deficient

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34
Q

Factual propositions

A

Seek to alter our beliefs. They assert that relationship between things exist, that there are appropriate interpretations of the observable word, or what is found in a quest for knowledge

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35
Q

Past fact

A

The American entertainment media where and a junction of the military during World War II. Life evolved naturally from existing conditions on earth

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36
Q

Present facts

A

The American mass media are relatively free from government regulation compared to media and other countries. Illegal immigration deprives US citizens of jobs

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37
Q

Future Fact

A

New technology will make the present system of broadcast regulation irrelevant by 2020. Most large species of wildlife will cease to exist outside zoos and game preserves in the next decade

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38
Q

Value propositions

A

attempt to alter belief by examining our subjective reactions to things and our opinions of them.

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39
Q

Singular value

A

Reality television programming sacrifices quality for Nielsen ratings

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40
Q

Comparative Value

A

The rights of endangered animal species are more important than the rights of indigenous human populations

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41
Q

Value object

A

Is the thing being evaluated. It needs some idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom that exist or is proposed.

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42
Q

Value judgment term

A

Found in the predicate of the proposition, serves as the source of criteria used to evaluate the value object.

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43
Q

Policy propositions

A

Recommend a change in behavior or create a call to action

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44
Q

Should

A

Suggest that something ought to be done, not necessarily that It will be done.

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45
Q

The inclusionary rule

A

Phrase definitions in such a way that they include things that appropriately fall under the term

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46
Q

The exclusionary rule

A

Raise definitions to exclude those things not appropriate to terms (just the opposite of the inclusionary rule)

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47
Q

The adaptation rule

A

Phrase definitions so that the meetings are appropriate to the propositions figurative ground

48
Q

The neutrality rule

A

Phrase definitions to avoid unnecessary emotionality

49
Q

The clarity rule

A

Phrase definitions so that they will be understood more readily than the terms they define

50
Q

Equivocal terms

A

Have two or more equally correct meetings.

51
Q

Vague terms

A

Aslo called ambiguous terms, have shades of meaning, they lack clear-cut definitions, so that each person is free to supply his or her own meaning

52
Q

Technical terms

A

Include jargon or specialized terms that belong to a particular field or profession

53
Q

New terms

A

Are additions to the language, words or phrases that do not exist in the common vocabulary

54
Q

Synonym

A

A more familiar word similar to the term in both denotative and connotative meaning.

55
Q

Definition by authority

A

We have mentioned using “field-specific” sources for definitions that will be appropriate to the field in which you are arguing. Using a source in the field of your topic

56
Q

Definition by example

A

Terms may be defined by providing a relevant example to explain how something is to be understood

57
Q

Definition by function

A

Terms may be used by the function an object, instrument, agency, or concept performs.

58
Q

Definition by operation

A

When you want to clarify the meaning of the term by explaining it as the result of a series of steps, you might use an operational definition.

59
Q

Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages.

A

Argumentation

60
Q

Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may accept or reject, the arguers message.

A

Audience

61
Q

Is the term we used to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior.

A

Ethics

62
Q

Is based on a set of absolutes, or rules of conduct, that differentiate between right and wrong.

A

Deontological ethics

63
Q

A speaker or writer should strive for clearly express ideas.

A

Clarity

64
Q

The interpretative process the audience members and other viewers used to come to an understanding of what you mean.

A

Decoding

65
Q

The orientation toward truth telling is at the heart of honesty. Honesty is saying what you believe to be the truth of the matter.

A

Honesty

66
Q

As an ethical standard does not mean taking shortcuts or offering minimal proof and reasoning in making your point.

A

Efficiency

67
Q

What have the greatest impact on the extent to which an audience member would follow the central route and processing a message.

A

Relevance

68
Q

Are not so much a set of norms for what constitutes good or right behavior, but rather they address the attitude one should bring to the process of engaging in argumentation.

A

Discourse ethics

69
Q

Attempt to move an audience to accept or identify with a particular view.

A

Persuasion

70
Q

Logical, cognitive, and emotional audiences.

A

Rhetorical

71
Q

Two experts having a conversation

A

Dialectical

72
Q

Formal rules between bad and good

A

Logical

73
Q

Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting.

A

Field of argument

74
Q

Understanding the field and that you are arguing in.

A

Field dependent

75
Q

Strong body of knowledge

A

Theory

76
Q

Call for a change

A

Advocate

77
Q

Defend current

A

Opponent

78
Q

Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do

A

Proposition

79
Q

Elements that are particular to that field alone

A

Field dependent

80
Q

The process of argumentation, you must identify the beliefs and behaviors that a field presently favors.

A

Presumption

81
Q

Demonstrates how presumption is influenced by a field

A

Artificial presumption

82
Q

Derives from the observation of the natural order of whatever field we find ourselves in at a given time

A

Natural presumption

83
Q

Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption

A

Burden of proof

84
Q

Is one that “at first sight” or “on the face of it” is sufficient to justify changing beliefs or behavior . Causes us to suspend our reliance on presumption as a guide for belief or behavior.

A

Prima facie case

85
Q

Argumentation is used to decide whether change is justified.

A

Inherency

86
Q

Operationalize these beliefs

A

Structural

87
Q

Cause is found in the beliefs of the field

A

Attitudinal

88
Q

A statement that identifies the argumentative ground and points to a change in belief or behavior

A

Proposition

89
Q

Choosing a particular word sets limits, direct attention in a certain way, or creates a feeling based on the symbol chosen

A

Terministic screen

90
Q

Mass media play a sufficient role in shaping the values of Americans

A

Fact

91
Q

American entertainment television programming is morally deficient

A

Value

92
Q

Seek to alter our beliefs. They assert that relationship between things exist, that there are appropriate interpretations of the observable word, or what is found in a quest for knowledge

A

Factual propositions

93
Q

The American entertainment media where and a junction of the military during World War II. Life evolved naturally from existing conditions on earth

A

Past fact

94
Q

The American mass media are relatively free from government regulation compared to media and other countries. Illegal immigration deprives US citizens of jobs

A

Present facts

95
Q

New technology will make the present system of broadcast regulation irrelevant by 2020. Most large species of wildlife will cease to exist outside zoos and game preserves in the next decade

A

Future Fact

96
Q

attempt to alter belief by examining our subjective reactions to things and our opinions of them.

A

Value propositions

97
Q

Reality television programming sacrifices quality for Nielsen ratings

A

Singular value

98
Q

The rights of endangered animal species are more important than the rights of indigenous human populations

A

Comparative Value

99
Q

Is the thing being evaluated. It needs some idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom that exist or is proposed.

A

Value object

100
Q

Found in the predicate of the proposition, serves as the source of criteria used to evaluate the value object.

A

Value judgment term

101
Q

Recommend a change in behavior or create a call to action

A

Policy propositions

102
Q

Suggest that something ought to be done, not necessarily that It will be done.

A

Should

103
Q

Phrase definitions in such a way that they include things that appropriately fall under the term

A

The inclusionary rule

104
Q

Raise definitions to exclude those things not appropriate to terms (just the opposite of the inclusionary rule)

A

The exclusionary rule

105
Q

Phrase definitions so that the meetings are appropriate to the propositions figurative ground

A

The adaptation rule

106
Q

Phrase definitions to avoid unnecessary emotionality

A

The neutrality rule

107
Q

Phrase definitions so that they will be understood more readily than the terms they define

A

The clarity rule

108
Q

Have two or more equally correct meetings.

A

Equivocal terms

109
Q

Aslo called ambiguous terms, have shades of meaning, they lack clear-cut definitions, so that each person is free to supply his or her own meaning

A

Vague terms

110
Q

Include jargon or specialized terms that belong to a particular field or profession

A

Technical terms

111
Q

Are additions to the language, words or phrases that do not exist in the common vocabulary

A

New terms

112
Q

A more familiar word similar to the term in both denotative and connotative meaning.

A

Synonym

113
Q

We have mentioned using “field-specific” sources for definitions that will be appropriate to the field in which you are arguing. Using a source in the field of your topic

A

Definition by authority

114
Q

Terms may be defined by providing a relevant example to explain how something is to be understood

A

Definition by example

115
Q

Terms may be used by the function an object, instrument, agency, or concept performs.

A

Definition by function

116
Q

When you want to clarify the meaning of the term by explaining it as the result of a series of steps, you might use an operational definition.

A

Definition by operation

Advocacy & Opposition Ch. 1-3 (3 decks)

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