Ch. 1, 2, & 3 Flashcards
Argumentation
Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages.
Audience
Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may accept or reject, the arguers message.
Ethics
Is the term we used to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior.
Deontological ethics
Is based on a set of absolutes, or rules of conduct, that differentiate between right and wrong.
Clarity
A speaker or writer should strive for clearly express ideas.
Decoding
The interpretative process the audience members and other viewers used to come to an understanding of what you mean.
Honesty
The orientation toward truth telling is at the heart of honesty. Honesty is saying what you believe to be the truth of the matter.
Efficiency
As an ethical standard does not mean taking shortcuts or offering minimal proof and reasoning in making your point.
Relevance
What have the greatest impact on the extent to which an audience member would follow the central route and processing a message.
Discourse ethics
Are not so much a set of norms for what constitutes good or right behavior, but rather they address the attitude one should bring to the process of engaging in argumentation.
Persuasion
Attempt to move an audience to accept or identify with a particular view.
Rhetorical
Logical, cognitive, and emotional audiences.
Dialectical
Two experts having a conversation
Logical
Formal rules between bad and good
Field of argument
Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting.
Field dependent
Understanding the field and that you are arguing in.
Theory
Strong body of knowledge
Advocate
Call for a change
Opponent
Defend current
Proposition
Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do
Field dependent
Elements that are particular to that field alone
Presumption
The process of argumentation, you must identify the beliefs and behaviors that a field presently favors.
Artificial presumption
Demonstrates how presumption is influenced by a field
Natural presumption
Derives from the observation of the natural order of whatever field we find ourselves in at a given time
Burden of proof
Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption
Prima facie case
Is one that “at first sight” or “on the face of it” is sufficient to justify changing beliefs or behavior . Causes us to suspend our reliance on presumption as a guide for belief or behavior.
Inherency
Argumentation is used to decide whether change is justified.
Structural
Operationalize these beliefs
Attitudinal
Cause is found in the beliefs of the field
Proposition
A statement that identifies the argumentative ground and points to a change in belief or behavior
Terministic screen
Choosing a particular word sets limits, direct attention in a certain way, or creates a feeling based on the symbol chosen
Fact
Mass media play a sufficient role in shaping the values of Americans
Value
American entertainment television programming is morally deficient
Factual propositions
Seek to alter our beliefs. They assert that relationship between things exist, that there are appropriate interpretations of the observable word, or what is found in a quest for knowledge
Past fact
The American entertainment media where and a junction of the military during World War II. Life evolved naturally from existing conditions on earth
Present facts
The American mass media are relatively free from government regulation compared to media and other countries. Illegal immigration deprives US citizens of jobs
Future Fact
New technology will make the present system of broadcast regulation irrelevant by 2020. Most large species of wildlife will cease to exist outside zoos and game preserves in the next decade
Value propositions
attempt to alter belief by examining our subjective reactions to things and our opinions of them.
Singular value
Reality television programming sacrifices quality for Nielsen ratings
Comparative Value
The rights of endangered animal species are more important than the rights of indigenous human populations
Value object
Is the thing being evaluated. It needs some idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom that exist or is proposed.
Value judgment term
Found in the predicate of the proposition, serves as the source of criteria used to evaluate the value object.
Policy propositions
Recommend a change in behavior or create a call to action
Should
Suggest that something ought to be done, not necessarily that It will be done.
The inclusionary rule
Phrase definitions in such a way that they include things that appropriately fall under the term
The exclusionary rule
Raise definitions to exclude those things not appropriate to terms (just the opposite of the inclusionary rule)
The adaptation rule
Phrase definitions so that the meetings are appropriate to the propositions figurative ground
The neutrality rule
Phrase definitions to avoid unnecessary emotionality
The clarity rule
Phrase definitions so that they will be understood more readily than the terms they define
Equivocal terms
Have two or more equally correct meetings.
Vague terms
Aslo called ambiguous terms, have shades of meaning, they lack clear-cut definitions, so that each person is free to supply his or her own meaning
Technical terms
Include jargon or specialized terms that belong to a particular field or profession
New terms
Are additions to the language, words or phrases that do not exist in the common vocabulary
Synonym
A more familiar word similar to the term in both denotative and connotative meaning.
Definition by authority
We have mentioned using “field-specific” sources for definitions that will be appropriate to the field in which you are arguing. Using a source in the field of your topic
Definition by example
Terms may be defined by providing a relevant example to explain how something is to be understood
Definition by function
Terms may be used by the function an object, instrument, agency, or concept performs.
Definition by operation
When you want to clarify the meaning of the term by explaining it as the result of a series of steps, you might use an operational definition.
Is a form of instrumental communication relying on reasoning and proof to influence belief or behavior through the use of spoken or written messages.
Argumentation
Argumentation consist of one or more persons who are capable of being influenced, who may accept or reject, the arguers message.
Audience
Is the term we used to indicate the moral choices a person makes regarding his or her behavior.
Ethics
Is based on a set of absolutes, or rules of conduct, that differentiate between right and wrong.
Deontological ethics
A speaker or writer should strive for clearly express ideas.
Clarity
The interpretative process the audience members and other viewers used to come to an understanding of what you mean.
Decoding
The orientation toward truth telling is at the heart of honesty. Honesty is saying what you believe to be the truth of the matter.
Honesty
As an ethical standard does not mean taking shortcuts or offering minimal proof and reasoning in making your point.
Efficiency
What have the greatest impact on the extent to which an audience member would follow the central route and processing a message.
Relevance
Are not so much a set of norms for what constitutes good or right behavior, but rather they address the attitude one should bring to the process of engaging in argumentation.
Discourse ethics
Attempt to move an audience to accept or identify with a particular view.
Persuasion
Logical, cognitive, and emotional audiences.
Rhetorical
Two experts having a conversation
Dialectical
Formal rules between bad and good
Logical
Contacts = politics, conspiracy theories, religion, academic, class, law, parenting.
Field of argument
Understanding the field and that you are arguing in.
Field dependent
Strong body of knowledge
Theory
Call for a change
Advocate
Defend current
Opponent
Fact = true, value = moral, policy = what to do
Proposition
Elements that are particular to that field alone
Field dependent
The process of argumentation, you must identify the beliefs and behaviors that a field presently favors.
Presumption
Demonstrates how presumption is influenced by a field
Artificial presumption
Derives from the observation of the natural order of whatever field we find ourselves in at a given time
Natural presumption
Is the obligation of the advocate to contest the ground by offering arguments that are logically sufficient to challenge presumption
Burden of proof
Is one that “at first sight” or “on the face of it” is sufficient to justify changing beliefs or behavior . Causes us to suspend our reliance on presumption as a guide for belief or behavior.
Prima facie case
Argumentation is used to decide whether change is justified.
Inherency
Operationalize these beliefs
Structural
Cause is found in the beliefs of the field
Attitudinal
A statement that identifies the argumentative ground and points to a change in belief or behavior
Proposition
Choosing a particular word sets limits, direct attention in a certain way, or creates a feeling based on the symbol chosen
Terministic screen
Mass media play a sufficient role in shaping the values of Americans
Fact
American entertainment television programming is morally deficient
Value
Seek to alter our beliefs. They assert that relationship between things exist, that there are appropriate interpretations of the observable word, or what is found in a quest for knowledge
Factual propositions
The American entertainment media where and a junction of the military during World War II. Life evolved naturally from existing conditions on earth
Past fact
The American mass media are relatively free from government regulation compared to media and other countries. Illegal immigration deprives US citizens of jobs
Present facts
New technology will make the present system of broadcast regulation irrelevant by 2020. Most large species of wildlife will cease to exist outside zoos and game preserves in the next decade
Future Fact
attempt to alter belief by examining our subjective reactions to things and our opinions of them.
Value propositions
Reality television programming sacrifices quality for Nielsen ratings
Singular value
The rights of endangered animal species are more important than the rights of indigenous human populations
Comparative Value
Is the thing being evaluated. It needs some idea, person, action, agency, tradition, practice, or custom that exist or is proposed.
Value object
Found in the predicate of the proposition, serves as the source of criteria used to evaluate the value object.
Value judgment term
Recommend a change in behavior or create a call to action
Policy propositions
Suggest that something ought to be done, not necessarily that It will be done.
Should
Phrase definitions in such a way that they include things that appropriately fall under the term
The inclusionary rule
Raise definitions to exclude those things not appropriate to terms (just the opposite of the inclusionary rule)
The exclusionary rule
Phrase definitions so that the meetings are appropriate to the propositions figurative ground
The adaptation rule
Phrase definitions to avoid unnecessary emotionality
The neutrality rule
Phrase definitions so that they will be understood more readily than the terms they define
The clarity rule
Have two or more equally correct meetings.
Equivocal terms
Aslo called ambiguous terms, have shades of meaning, they lack clear-cut definitions, so that each person is free to supply his or her own meaning
Vague terms
Include jargon or specialized terms that belong to a particular field or profession
Technical terms
Are additions to the language, words or phrases that do not exist in the common vocabulary
New terms
A more familiar word similar to the term in both denotative and connotative meaning.
Synonym
We have mentioned using “field-specific” sources for definitions that will be appropriate to the field in which you are arguing. Using a source in the field of your topic
Definition by authority
Terms may be defined by providing a relevant example to explain how something is to be understood
Definition by example
Terms may be used by the function an object, instrument, agency, or concept performs.
Definition by function
When you want to clarify the meaning of the term by explaining it as the result of a series of steps, you might use an operational definition.
Definition by operation
