Ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Enzymes Definition

A

A class of proteins (exception – ribozymes are made of RNA) that serve as biological catalysts

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2
Q

What do enzymes do?

A
  • Increase the rate of a reaction
  • Are not changed by the reaction (so can be used again)
  • Do not change the nature of the reaction – the reaction could have occurred without the enzyme, just much slower
  • Lowers the activation energy of the reaction
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3
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the energy required for reactants to engage in a reaction (energy barrier we have to overcome)

• Most molecules lack the activation energy for a reaction.

  • -> Adding heat increases the likelihood of are action occurring. This increases the rate of reactions, however, heat has some negative effects on cells.
  • -> Catalysts help the reaction occur at lower temperatures.
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4
Q

Enzyme Activity

A
  • structure dictates function
  • characteristic 3D shape w/active sites
  • reactants: substrates
  • Measured by the rate at which substrate is converted to product
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5
Q

What are substrates?

A

fit into the active site like a key to a lock (“lock-and-key model”)

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6
Q

Induced-Fit Model

A

Sometimes the initial fit is not exact but will change as the substrate moves into the active site

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7
Q

Enzyme Nomenclature

A
  • suffix: -ase

- first part of the name apply to the function

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8
Q

Phosphatases

A

remove phosphate groups

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9
Q

Synthetases/synthases

A

catalyze dehydration synthesis

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10
Q

Hydrolases

A

promote hydrolysis

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11
Q

Dehydrogenases

A

remove hydrogen atoms

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12
Q

Kinases

A

add phosphate groups

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13
Q

Isomerases

A

rearrange the atoms

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14
Q

Isoenzymes

A

-same name for enzymes w/same function in diff locations

molecules may be slightly different (in areas outside the active site) = isoenzyme

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15
Q

Enzyme activity influenced by….

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Cofactors and coenzymes
  • Enzyme activation
  • Substrate concentration
  • Possible stimulatory or inhibitory effects of products on enzyme function
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16
Q

Enzymes and pH

A
  • exhibit peak activity within a narrow pH range
  • changes will result in enzyme conformational changes (like temp)
  • Optimum pH reflects the pH of the fluid the enzyme is found in (ex. stomach vs. saliva vs. small intestine)
17
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic molecules derived from water-soluble vitamins

  • transport H/small molecules between enzymes
  • larger
  • required
18
Q

Cofactors

A

help form the active site through a conformational change of the enzyme or help in enzyme-substrate binding

  • Cofactors are metal ions such as, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+,Cu2+, Zn2+
  • smaller, help form active site
19
Q

Enzyme Activation

A

zymogen: inactive form of enzyme that is activated when needed (stored so don’t have to make again –> pepsinogen to pepsin)
-often requires additional enzymes to phosphorylate or
dephosphorylate the molecule
-inhibition can be controlled through turnover, by which enzymes are degraded

20
Q

Substrate Concentration

A
  • as substrate concentration increases, so will rate of enzyme saturation
  • Adding more substrate will NOT increase the rate of the reaction
21
Q

saturated

A

every enzyme in the solution is being used

22
Q

Reversible Reactions

A

-enzyme can drive reaction in two different directions depending of concentration of substrate/product

23
Q

the law of mass action

A

one side gets higher, the other reaction reverses

24
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

-reactions linked together in chains
-begin with an initial substrate and end with a final product,
–> w/many steps along the way
BRANCHED: where several products can be produced

25
Q

End Product Inhibition

A
  • Branch points are often inhibited by a form of negative feedback in which one of the final products inhibits the branch point enzyme
  • allosteric inhibition
  • keeps final product from accumulating
26
Q

allosteric inhibition

A

the product binds to the enzyme at a location away from the active site and changes the 3D conformation of the enzyme

27
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Chemical reactions that require an INPUT of energy

  • products contain more free energy than the reactants
    ex. glucose -> glycogen (synthesis reaction)
  • STORED energy
28
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Chemical reactions that produce energy

  • products will have less free energy than the reactants
  • -> ex. breaking glucose down into carbon dioxide and water produces energy
  • -> Energy is used to make ATP for use in other endergonic reactions in the body
29
Q

Coupled Reactions

A

Energy from the environment (food) is broken down in exergonic reactions to drive the endergonic reactions in our bodies

  • energy must be stored in a usable form = ATP
  • -> production of ATP is actually an endergonic reaction that is coupled to an exergonic reaction to drive it
  • -> ATP molecule stores energy in its bonds to be used elsewhere
30
Q

how is ATP made?

A

adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + inorganic phosphate = adenosine triphosphate (ATP)