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Physiology > Ch 13/14 Cardiovascular Physiology (Day 1) > Flashcards

Ch 13/14 Cardiovascular Physiology (Day 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
  2. Communication/Regulation—hormones & temperature
  3. Defense/Protection–clotting and immunity
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2
Q

Cardiovascular System Components

A

Blood—fluid medium
–>Cells and plasma

Heart—pump (primary motive force)
–>Septum divides left and right halves

Blood vessels—conduit/delivery system (plumbing)

  • -> Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, postcapillary venules, veins
  • ->Pulmonary and systemic circulation

Associated w/cardiovascular system:
Lymphatic System: return fluid that has leaked out back to cardiovascular system, immune function
–>Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphatic organs
(spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes)

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3
Q

Diffusion

A

–>simple method for moving things down a concentration gradient

equation for diffusion time: t=x2/2D
(t=time, x=distance you want molecule to move, D=diffusion coefficient)

Diffusion is fast over short distances, but slow over greater distances

Why is a cardiovascular system important?
-most important function of the circulatory system is
bulk transport [overcomes limitations of diffusion]

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4
Q

Overview of Cardiovascular system

A
  1. pulmonary circulation: blood from body to heart to lungs
  2. systemic circulation: blood from heart to body back to heart

–>right and left hearts are in series – so output from each side matches the other

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5
Q

Arrangement of Circulation

A
  • arrangements of circulation to different organs is parallel (exception: GI series in liver: liver has two sources of blood, straight from heart and from GI tract)
  • -> this arrangement prevents blood flow changes in one organ from affecting flow to others

-lungs get 100% of cardiac output, rest of organs share the 100%

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6
Q

Blood

A

the fluid medium

  • Average adult volume: 5 liters
  • 45% formed elements (platelet cells); 55% plasma (by volume): platelets are not real cells, fragment elements
  • ->blood plasma + formed elements + RBCs + “buffy coat” (platelets + WBCs)
  1. Arterial blood – leaving the heart; bright red, OXYGENATED
    [except for pulmonary artery - taking deoxygenated blood –> lungs]
  2. Venous blood – entering the heart; dark red, DEOXYGENATED
    [except for pulmonary veins - carrying oxygenated blood back to the heart]
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7
Q

Plasma volume

A

regulated to maintain BP

[CV/renal/hypothalamo-anterior pituitary-adrenal axis]

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8
Q

Plasma osmolality

A

regulated to maintain solute (Na+) concentration

[CV/renal/hypothalamo-posterior pituitary axis]

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9
Q

plasma constituents

A 
water
ions
organic molecules (AA, proteins, glucose, lipids, nitrogenous waste)
trace elements/vitamins
gases (CO2, O2)
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10
Q

What is the most important plasma protein?

A

Albumins

source: liver
functions: Major contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma (holds fluid-determines volume), carriers for various substance

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11
Q

Formed Elements (cells)

A

RBCs (erythrocytes)
WBCs
Platelets (cell fragments –> clotting)

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12
Q

RBCs

A

“Erythrocytes”: Oxygen Transport

  • Small, flattened, biconcave discs, no nuclei, no mitochondria
  • 120-day life span
  • % of blood volume (hematocrit)—index of O2 carrying capacity of blood
  • heme: binds to iron –> makes red color

–>Anemia: abnormally low hematocrit or hemoglobin count

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13
Q

Blood Count

A

+/- 58% blood plasma
>1% white cells
42% red cell packed volume

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14
Q

WBCs

A

“Leukocytes”

  1. Granular: have granules (ex. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  2. Agranular: no granules (ex. monocytes, lymphocytes)
  • Have nuclei, mitochondria
  • Move in amoeboid fashion—can move from capillaries, post-capillary venules into tissues (diapedesis/extravasation)
  • Major role in innate & adaptive immune systems & inflammatory response
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15
Q

Platelets

A

“thrombocytes”

  • Smallest formed element, fragments of megakaryocytes
  • No nuclei
  • Short-lived (5−9 days)
  • Clot blood with several other chemicals and fibrinogen
  • Release serotonin (stimulates vasoconstriction)
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16
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

development of blood cells and platelets—begins in bone marrow

17
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

production of platelets

-The cytokine, thrombopoietin stimulates growth of megakaryocytes and maturation into platelets

18
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

production of red blood cells

  • Red bone marrow produces about 2.5 million RBCs/sec
  • Stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys in response to low blood O2
  • Most iron is recycled from old RBCs (by macrophages), the rest comes from the diet
19
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

production of white blood cells

  • Begins in bone marrow, final development requires maturation in lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus)
  • As cells differentiate, they express membrane receptors to CYTOKINES, which have both general and specific effects in determining the final cell subtype:
  • –Multipotent growth factor-1
  • –Interleukin-1
  • –Interleukin-3
  • —-> above three are all general effects on all subtypes
  • –Granuloctye colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) —>neutrophils
  • –Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)–> monos, eos
20
Q

Cytokines

A
  • Signaling molecule (peptide), usually, but not exclusively, secreted by cells of the immune system (e.g. EPO comes from kidney).
  • Have effects on development and function of leukocytes and other cell types.
  • May operate as paracrine or autocrine (paracrine & endocrine signals)
21
Q

Hemostasis

A

Cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged.

Damage exposes collagen fibers to blood, producing:

  • Formation of platelet plug
  • Vasoconstriction (less blood able to leak out)
  • Formation of fibrin protein web mature clot (wraps around platelets)
22
Q

Blood Clotting: platelets and blood vessel walls

A

Intact endothelium secretes prostacyclin and nitric oxide, which:

  • Vasodilate
  • Inhibit platelet aggregation
  • -> makes surface slippery, prevents platelets from sticking

And CD39, which:

  • Breaks down ADP into AMP and Pi to inhibit platelet aggregation further
  • ->preserves “slippery” nature

Normal intact endothelium:

  • expresses/secretes platelet inhibitory factors
  • barrier function—prevents exposure of platelets to sub-endothelial, extracellular matrix molecules
  • ->act as if nothing is there, platelets just float by
23
Q

Damaged Endothelium

A

exposes collagen

  • Platelets bind to exposed collagen and Von Willebrand Factor which hold them in place
  • -> ACTIVATION –> GET STICKY
  • Activated platelets recruit MORE platelets and form plug by secreting: (Platelet release reaction)
  • –ADP (sticky platelets)
  • –Serotonin (vasoconstriction- act upstream to close down arterioles so less blood can be lost)
  • –Thromboxane A2 (sticky platelets and vasoconstriction)
  • Activated platelets also activate & bind to soluble plasma clotting factors
24
Q

Formation of Platelet Plug and Clot

A
  • Platelets bind to fibrin –> wraps around and reinforces mass of aggregated platelets which effectively plugs the defect
  • RBCs become entwined in the plug–>mature, solid clot
25
Q

Coagulation Cascade

A

–>don’t need to know specifics, BUT… both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge on formation of THROMBIN (converts fibrinogen –> fibrin which aids in cross linkage of platelets in blood clotting)

26
Q

Clot formation/dessolution

A
  • thrombin involved in BOTH (depends on which enzymes activates it)
  • as vessel heals, factors are released which digest fibrin polymers

Physiology (29 decks)

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