Ch 4

Question 1

Mind perception

Answer 1

The process by which people attribute humanlike mental state to various animate and in animate objects, including other people

Question 2

Nonverbal behavior

Answer 2

Behavior that reveals a persons feeling without words, through facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues

Question 3

Attribution theory

Answer 3

A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior

Question 4

Personal attribution

Answer 4

Attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood, or effort

Question 5

Situational attribution

Answer 5

Attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck

Question 6

Covariation principle

Answer 6

Principle of attribution their that holds that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and are absent when it does not

Question 7

Availability heuristic

Answer 7

Tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind

Question 8

False- consensus effect

Answer 8

The tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors

Question 9

Base rate fallacy

Answer 9

The finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates

Question 10

Counter factual thinking

Answer 10

The tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not

Question 11

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 11

tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behavior

Question 12

Belief in a just world

Answer 12

Belief that individuals get what they deserve in life, and an orientation that leads people to disparage victims

Question 13

Impression formation

Answer 13

Process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression

Question 14

Information integration theory

Answer 14

theory that impressions are based on 1 perch ever dispositions and 2 weighted average of a target person straits

Question 15

Priming

Answer 15

Tendency for recently used or perceived words or ideas to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information

Question 16

Implicit personality theory

Answer 16

A network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors

Question 17

Central traits

Answer 17

Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions

Question 18

Primacy effect

Answer 18

Tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions that information presented later

Question 19

Need for closure

Answer 19

Desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty, which heightens the importance of first impressions

Question 20

Confirmation bias

Answer 20

Tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs

Question 21

Belief perseverence

Answer 21

Tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited

Question 22

Self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 22

Process by which ones expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations

Question 23

Social perception

Answer 23

A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another

Question 24

Disposition

Answer 24

Stable traits, abilities, and attitudes

Question 25

What is the goal of social perception

Answer 25

To understand another well enough to predict their behavior

Question 26

Elements of social perception

Answer 26

Person, situation, and behavior

Question 27

2 attribution theories

Answer 27

Covariation theory and correspondent inference theory

Question 28

Three parts to covariation theory

Answer 28

Consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness

Question 29

Consensus

Answer 29

Do others respond the same way

Question 30

Consistency

Answer 30

Does this person react the same way over time for the same situation

Question 31

Distinctiveness

Answer 31

Does this person ready same way towards different but similar events

Question 32

Distinctiveness low

Answer 32

Responds to similar situations same way

Question 33

Distinctiveness high

Answer 33

Responds to similar situations differently

Question 34

Correspondent inference theory

Answer 34

We use behavior to make dispositional attribution when it is freely chosen, unexpected, has few desirable outcomes

Question 35

Fundamental attribution

Answer 35

Tendency to under estimate situational pressure causing another person’s behavior and to make dispositional attribution

Question 36

Actor observer bias effect

Answer 36

I tend to make situational attributions for my behavior and dispositional attributions for other people’s behaviors

Question 37

Self serving bias

Answer 37

Tendency to attribute good things that happen to me and my disposition but had to the situation

Question 38

Representativeness

Answer 38

Tendency to assume that if someone resembles a particular group that they must be a member

Question 39

Example of representativeness

Answer 39

Assuming person convincing you to go to dinner at the hotel restaurant is a car salesman vs a librarian

Question 40

Availability heuristic

Answer 40

Tendency to assume that the things that come quickly and easily to mind are frequently correct or important

Question 41

False consensus effect

Answer 41

Tend to overestimate the percent of people who hold the same opinion or would choose the same behavior

Question 42

Example false consensus

Answer 42

Thinking people will vote for who I vote for

Question 43

why does framing matter

Answer 43

How the choice is presented influences my choice

Question 44

2 types of confirmation biases

Answer 44

Belief perseverance and confirmatory hypothesis testing