Ch 4 Flashcards
forming a group
Tuchman and Jenson five stage model to forming a group
forming
storming
norming
performing
adjourning
kormanski and mozenter model for forming groups
awareness
conflict
cooperation
productivity
separating
trotzer model
security
acceptance
responsibility
work
closing
ward model
power
cohesiveness
working
termination
Mazda model
exploration
transition
action
termination
yalom model
orientation
conflict
cohesiveness
Corey model
formation
orientation
transition
working
consolidation
follow-up/evaluation
cyclotherapy process
even after the group meets initially, it continues to evolve and can be conceptualized as forever forming, with certain issues returning from time to time to be explored in greater depth
some issues with which groups continually struggle are…
anxiety, power, norms, inclusion, identity, interpersonal relationships, and personal growth
forming, or orientation, stage of the group
a time of initial caution associated with any new experience
gladding model
formation
transition
performing
closing
steps in the forming stage
- developing a rationale for the group
- deciding on a theoretical format
- weighing practical considerations
- publicizing the group
- screening and pertaining
- selecting group members
- selecting a group leader
- developing a rationale for the group
there is a rationale for its existence
the more carefully the reasons for conducting a group are considered, the more likely it is that there will be positive responses and outcomes
deciding on a theoretical format
leaders must be aware of groups limitations and strengths
should function on intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal matters
should match the needs of participants and the group as a whole
eclectic
a group that is a composite of theoretical approaches
I/WE/IT
I: the individual, intrapersonal focus on beliefs, attitudes, and feelings
WE: interpersonal dimension, relationship between group members
IT: extrapersonal emphasis on issues, tasks, or group concerns
- weighing practical considerations
group proposals should stress specific, concrete, and practical objectives and procedures (meeting time, place, frequency)
sensitive to political and practical realities
- publicizing the group
how group is announced influences both the ways it will be received by potential members and the kind of people who will join
best way is through word of mouth from a professional, colleagues, etc.,
written announcements
announcement through word of mouth
personalizes the information, but fails to reach a large number of individuals
written announcements
likely to reach the most people, but may not be clear enough to specify who should be. a member of the group
the best practice guidelines by ASGW
a definitive and comprehensive document that provides guidance on the proper conduct expected of those who lead groups, including preparation procedures
- screening and pre training
the maturity, readiness, and composition of membership play major role in success of group
screened
potential group members are interviewed either individually or in a group before the groups first meeting in regard to their suitability for the group
EXCEPTIONS: psychoeducational and task/work groups
individually conducted pregroup screening procedure or group-conducted regroup screening process
interdependent steps necessary for conducting an effective regroup screening interview
- identify needs, expectations, and commitment
- challenge myths and misconceptions
- convey information (nature and limits of confidentiality, group stages, roles, etc.)
pretraining
orienting group members on what to expect of the group before it ever meets
positively associated with cohesion, member satisfaction, and comfort with the group
can be done individual (rapport building) or group basis
potential members should be informed of..
techniques and procedures that will be used, qualifications of leader, fees, types of records kept, member responsibility, personal risks involved, and the types of services that be provided
- selecting group members
should be individuals who are likely to benefit from the experience
people who do not appear to contribute to the growth of the group or who lack personal maturity
too different or two similar to other members
tasks of the beginning group (first session)
dealing with apprehension
reviewing members goals and contacts
specifying more clearly or reiterating group rules
setting limits
promoting a positive interchange among members so they will want to continue
**failure of these tasks may result in nonfunctional group
dealing with apprehension
synonymous with anxiety
moderate amount is needed
reviewing goals and contracts
goals: specific objectives that an individual or the group wishes to accomplish
announced at time of group proposal is formulated and again during pregroup interview
contract
an agreement of what will be done and when
helps members specify what, how, when, and where they will work to make changes related to their goals
specifying group rules
rules: guidelines by which groups are run
established both before and during group process
should be stated in positive way
confidentiality
the explicit agreement that what is said in the group will stay in the group
ethical cornerstone of group counseling and psychotherapy
prerequisite of development of group trust, cohesion, and productive work
setting limits
limits: outer boundaries of a group in regard to behaviors that ill be accepted within the group
explicit limits: rules regarding acceptable behaviors and procedures related to time
implicit limits: more subtle and involve such actions as the attention of the leader to a particular member or the verbal reinforcement or discouragement of certain content topics
promoting a positive interchange
task of the group leader initially
can be established by…
being enthusiastic
drawing out members
holding the focus on interesting topics
shifting the focus when the topics are irrelevant or interesting to only a couple of members
cutting off any hostile or negative interactions
emphasis on similarities among members or interactive journal writing
interactive journal writing
members keep logs of their thoughts, feelings, impressions, and behaviors within a group and exchange them in all directions
prevention is…
the best way to deal with potential problems in a group
potential group problems in forming
people and procedure problems
people problems
people who monopolize, intimidate, verbally ventilate, focus on others, seduce, or show intolerance
subgroups (clique of members who band together) can be troublesome
seven common membership roles displayed in first session
manipulators
resisters
monopolizers
silent members
users of sarcasm,
diagnostic analyzers
focusers on others
manipulators
characterized by their subtle and not so subtle use of feelings and behaviors to get what they want (reframing may help them)
reframing
conceptualizing potentially destructive acts in a positive way
resisters
often angry or frustrated and bring these feelings with them to the group
do not participate and acts as barriers
invite them to participate but not force
monopolizers
dominate the conversation in a group and do not allow other members a chance to verbally participate
silent members
may or may not become involved with the group
give them a chance to respond to a question
users of sarcasm
mask their feelings through the use of clever language that has a biting humor
help them express anger differently
diagnostic analyzers
individuals who attempt to diagnose or explain other group members problems in clinical terms
focusers on others
those who become self-appointed group assistant leaders by questioning others, offering advice, and acting as if they did not have any problems
three ways to handle subgroups
- bring all coalescing, colluding, and subgrouping behavior that occurs in the group to the groups attention
- establish a guideline and expectation that the group be informed about extra group activities among members
- as a group leader, do not collude with subgroups overtly or covertly by not disclosing what you perceive and or know about the subgroup
opening the group
critical incident in the life of the group (an event that has to power to shape or influence the group positively or negatively)
Eight different ways to start a group
- start with an opening statement about the group, then conduct an introduction exercise
- start with a long opening statement, then get right into the content of the group
- start with a long opening statement about the group and its purpose, then conduct an introduction exercise
- start with a brief statement about the group, then get into the content
- start with a brief statement about the group, then have the members form dyads
- start with a brief statement about the group, then have members complete a short sentence-completion form
7.start with an introduction exercise - start with an unusual opening– one that grabs the members
structuring the group
running the group according to a prescribed plan or agenda
advantages is that it promotes group cooperation, lessens anxiety, highlights individual performance, and facilitates the inclusion of everyone in the group
disadvantages is that it may discourage personal responsibility and restrict freedom of expression
involvement
when group members actively participate with one another and invest themselves in the group is necessary for first sessions to work best
group cohesion
a sense of we-ness
way to promote is to allow individuals to voice their concerns freely and fully
promoting hope
one of the basic therapeutic factors described by Yalom
likely to work hard in group if they have hope of change
universality (commonness with others)
closing terminating of the session
recommended to spend 10 minutes reflecting and summarizing
universal procedures for the beginning stage of a group
joining
linking
cutting off
drawing out
clarifying purpose
joining
the process by which members connect with one another psychologically and physically
introductions and what not icebreaker (an activity designed to promote c ommunication between two or more people)
linking
the process of connecting persons with one another by pointing out to them what they share in common
cutting off
- making sure that new material is not introduced into the group too late in the session for the group to deal with adequately
- also to prevent members from rambling
drawing out
opposite of cutting off
leader purposefully asks more silent members to speak to anyone in the group, or to the group as a whole, about anything
