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NCLEX > Ch 39 Peds Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Ch 39 Peds Cardiovascular Flashcards

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1
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

inability of the heart to pump a sufficient amt of o2 to meet the metabolic needs of the body
infants/ children: most often d/t congenital defects (shunt, obstruction, or combo) –> causes excessive volume / pressure load on myocardium
infants / children: usually a combo of left/right sided heart failure

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2
Q

CHF goals of tx

A 
improve cardiac function
remove accumulated fluid and sodium
decrease cardiac demands
improve tissue oxygenation
decrease oxygen consumption
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3
Q

CHF assessment (early signs)

A 
tachycardia
tachypnea
profuse scalp diaphoresis (esp in infants)
fatigue / irritability
sudden weight gain
respiratory distress
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4
Q

CHF interventions

A

monitor for facial or peripheral dependent edema, auscultate lung sounds
elevate head of bed in semi fowlers position
neutral thermal environment
admin cool humidified o2 as rx (oxygen hood for young infants, nc for older infants/children)
org nursing activities for uninterrupted sleep
small, freq feedings
admin sedation as rx during acute stage to promote rest
admin digoxin (Lanoxin) as rx
admin ACE inhibitors as rx
admin diuretics (furosemide (lasix))
admin potassium supplements
monitor serum electrolyte levels

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5
Q

digoxin (Lanoxin)

A

assess apical pulse for 1 minute before admin
hold if: infants/ young child < 90-110 bpm
older children < 70 bpm
infants RARELY receive > 1 mL (0.05 mg) in one dose
monitor for signs of dig toxicity: anorexia, poor feeding, N&V, bradycardia, dysrhythmias
normal dig level: 0.5 - 2 ng/mL
dig toxicity > 2 ng/mL

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6
Q

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

A

monitor for hypotension, renal dysfxn, and cough
assess BP, serum protein, albumin, BUN, creatinine levels, WBC count, urine output, urine specific gravity, urine protein level

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7
Q

diuretics

A

ie furosemide (Lasix)
monitor for s/sx of hypokalemia
hypokalemia potentiates digoxin toxicity

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8
Q

s/sx of hypokalemia

A 
serum K < 3.5 mEq/L
muscle wkns & cramping
confusion
irritability
restlessness
inverted T waves / prominent U waves
*hypokalemia potentiates dig toxicity
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9
Q

CHF potassium levels

A

supplemental K given only if indicated by serum K levels
AND if adequate renal fxn is evident
usually necessary if admin a NON K sparing diuretic (ie Lasix)

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10
Q

foods high in K

A

bananas
baked potato skins
peanut butter

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11
Q

normal K levels

A

3.5 - 5.1 mEq/L

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12
Q

CHF s/sx of dehydration

A 
sunken fontanel
nonelastic skin turgor
dry mucous membranes
decreased tear production
decreased urine output
concentrated urine
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13
Q

CHF monitor Na levels

A

normal 135 - 145 mEq/L

many infant formulas have > Na than breast milk

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14
Q

s/sx of CHF: LEFT sided failure

A 
crackles/wheezes
cough
dyspnea
grunting (infants)
head bobbing (infants)
nasal flaring
orthopnea
periods of cyanosis
retractions
tachypnea
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15
Q

s/sx of CHF: RIGHT sided failure

A 
ascites
hepatosplenomegaly
jugular vein distention
oliguria
periph edema (esp. dependent& periorbital)
weight gain
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16
Q

Digoxin (Lanoxin) admin

A

admin 1 hr before OR 2 hrs after feedings
do not mix med w foods or fluid
missed dose by > 4 hrs, withhold dose and give next dose at scheduled time
missed dose < 4 hrs, give missed dose
vomit –> do not give 2nd dose
2+ doses missed –> notify dr
teeth = give water after dose

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17
Q

Defects w Increased pulmonary blood flow

A 
intracardiac communication along septum, or abnormal connection bet the great arteries, allows blood to flow from high pressure L side to low pressure R side
infants shows s/sx of CHF
*atrial septal defect (ASD)
*atrioventricular canal defect
*patent ductus arteriosus
*ventricular septal defect (VSD)
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18
Q

s/sx of decreased cardiac output

A 
dec peripheral pulses
exercise intolerance
feeding difficulties
hypotension
irritability, restlessness, lethargy
oliguria
pale, cool extremeties
tachycardia
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19
Q

atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

abnormal opening bet atria –> causes an inc. flow of oxygenated blood into R side of heart
right atrial / right ventricular enlargement
infant: asymp. or CHF sym
s/sx of dec. cardiac output
types: ASD 1, ASD 2, ASD 3
tx: closed via cardia cath OR open repair w cardiopulm bypass (before school age)

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20
Q

ASD 1 (ostium primum)

A

opening at the lower end of septum

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21
Q

ASD 2 (ostium secundum)

A

opening is near center of septum

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22
Q

ASD 3 (sinus venosus defect)

A

opening is near the jxn of the superior vena cava and the right atrium

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23
Q

atrioventricular canal defect

A

results from incomplete fusion of endocardial cushions
most common cardiac defect in DOWN SYNDROME
characteristic murmur
infant: mild - mod CHF w cyanosis
s/sx of dec. cardiac output
tx: pulm artery banding for infants w severe sx (palliative) or complete repair via cardiopulmonary bypass

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24
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus (artery connecting the aorta + pulmonary artery) to close w/in the first wks of life
machinery like murmur present
infant: asymptomatic or signs of CHF
widened pulse pressure and bounding pulses
s/sx of dec. cardiac output
tx: indomethacin (Indocin) admin to close defect in premature infants & newborns (prostaglandin) OR may be closed during cardiac cath or surgical management

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25
Q

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

abnormal opening bet right & left ventricles
many close spontaneously during 1st yr of life in children w small/mod defects
characteristic murmur
s/sx of CHF common
s/sx of dec. cardiac output possible
tx: closure during cardiac cath OR open repair w cardiopulmonary bypass

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26
Q

Obstructive Defects

A 
blood exiting a portion of the hart meets an area of stenosis. location of narrowing is usually near the valve of obstructive defect
infants & children = s/sx of CHF
mild obstruction may be asymptomatic
*aortic stenosis
*coarctation of the aorta
*pulmonary stenosis
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27
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

resistance to blood flow from left ventricle into aorta
results in dec. cardiac output, left ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary vascular congestion
*valvular stenosis is most common type (usually d/t malformed cusps –> bicuspid instead of tricuspid valve OR fusion of cusp)
ch. murmur
severe defect infants = signs of dec. car out
children = exercise intol, CP, dizzy

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28
Q

Aortic stenosis tx

A

dilation of narrowed valve by cardiac cath

surgical aortic valvotomy (palliative), valve replacement at second procedure

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29
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

localized narrowing near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus
BP higher in upper extremeties (bounding pulses in arms, weak femoral pulses)
sx: headaches, dizziness, fainting, epistaxis from HTN

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30
Q

coarctation of aorta tx

A

balloon angioplasy in children (restenosis can occur)
surgical: mechanical ventilation and meds to improve cardiac output pre op
resection of coarcted portion, enlargement of constricted section using graft.
defect outside heart –> cardiopulmonary bypass not required / thoracotomy incision used

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31
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

BP higher in upper ext than lower ext
arms = bounding pulses
femoral = weak or absent
lower ext: cool temps

32
Q

pulmonary stenosis

A

narrowing at entrance to pulmonary artery
blood flow resistance –> R ventricular hypertrophy (hypoplastic) & dec. pulmonary blood flow
severe –> CHF occurs

33
Q

pulmonary atresia

A

extreme form of pulmonary stenosis

total fusion of the commissures and NO blood flows to the lungs

34
Q

pulmonary stenosis tx

A

dilation of narrowed valve via cardiac cath
surgical:
infants - transventricular (closed) valvotomy
children: pulmonary valvotomy w cardiopulmonary bypass

35
Q

defects w dec. pulmonary blood flow

A

obstructed pulm blood flow AND anatomical defect (ASD or VSD) bet R and L sides of heart
pressure on R side of heart inc., exceeds pressure on L side, allos desaturated blood to shunt R to L –> causes desat in systemic circulation
- hypoxemia and cyanosis
*tetralogy of fallot
*tricuspid atresia

36
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A 
four defects:
1. VSD
2. pulmonary stenosis
3. overriding aorta
4. R ventricular hypertrophy
pulm vasc resis > system resis --> RtoL
system resis > pulm vasc resis --> LtoR
37
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot: infant

A

may be acutely cyanotic at birth or may have mild cyanosis - progresses over time as pulm stenosis worsens
acute episodes of cyanosis and hypoxia = “blue spells” or “tet spells” occur when infants’s o2 req exceed blood supply

38
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot: child

A

inc. cyanosis, squatting, clubbing of fingers, poor growth (d/t inc. cyanosis)
squatting = compensatory mech to return blood flow to heart for oxygenation

39
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot: surgical management

A

palliative shunt: inc. pulmonary blood flow and inc. o2 sat in infants who cannot undergo primary repair. shunt provides blood flow to pulm arteries from L or R subclavian artery
complete repair: usually performed w/in 1st yr of life. req. median sternotomy and cardiopulm bypass

40
Q

tricuspid atresia

A

failure of the tricuspid valve to develop
no communication bet R atrium and R ventricle
blood floow through an ASD or patent foramen ovale to L side of heart and through a VSD to the R ventricle and out to the lungs
*often associated w pulmonic stenosis & transposition of the great arteries
–> complete mixing of unoxyg & oxyg blood in the L side of the heart

41
Q

tricuspid atresia tx

A

if ASD is small, defect may be closed during cardiac cath

otherwise, surgery

42
Q

mixed defects

A

full saturated system blood flow mixees w desat blood flow, causing desat of the system blood flow

  • -> pulm congestion and cardiac output dec
  • hypoplastic left heart syndrome
  • total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
  • transposition of the great arteries or transposition of the great vessels
  • truncus arteriosus
43
Q

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A

underdevelopment of the L side –> hypoplastic left ventricle and aortic atresia
*defect is fatal in the first few months of life w/o intervention

44
Q

hypoplastic left heart syndrome tx

A

surgical tx: necessary –> transplantation may be considered
preop period: newborn req mech ventilation and a cont. infusion of prostaglandin E1 to maintain ductal patency, ensuring adequate systemic blood flow

45
Q

transposition of the great arteries or transposition of the great vessels

A

pulm artery leave the L ventricle, aorta exits from the R ventricle
no communication exists bet the systemic and pulm circulation
cardiomegaly is evident a few wks after birth

46
Q

transposition tx

A

nonsurgical: prostaglandin E1 may start to inc. blood mixing temporarily if systemic and pulm mixing are inadequate
baloon atrial septostomy during cardiac cath may be done to inc. mixing and maintain cardiac output
surgical: arterial switch procedure (L ventricle acts as systemic pump, new aorta created)

47
Q

total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

A

failure of the pulmonary veins to join the left atrium
mixed blood returns to the R atrium and shunts from the R to the L through an ASD
R side: hypertrophies
L side: remains small

48
Q

total anomalous pulm venous connection tx

A

surgical: corrective repair performed in early infancy

pulmonary vein is anastomosed to the L atrium, ASD closed, anomalous pulm venous connection is ligated.

49
Q

truncus arteriosus

A

failure of normal septation and division of the embryonic bulbar trunk into the pulm artery and the aorta –> single vessel that overrides both ventricles
blood from both ventricles mixes in the common great artery
mod - severe CHF

50
Q

truncus arteriosus tx

A

surgical tx: corrective surgical repair performed in 1st few mo of life

51
Q

Priority Nursing Actions HYPERCYANOTIC SPELL (infant)

A
  1. place infant in knee-chest position
  2. admin 100% o2
  3. admin morphine sulfate
  4. admin fluids IV
  5. document occurrence, actions taken, infant’s response
52
Q

Cardiovascular Defects: Interventions

A

auscultate for crackles, rhonchi, or wheezes
if resp effort inc. –> place child in reverse trendelenburg position, elevating the head and upper body to dec. work of breathing
assess for signs of CHF (periorbital edema or dependent edema in hands/feet)

53
Q

Cardiac Catheterization

A

invasive dx procedure to determine cardiac defects
provides info about o2 sat of blood in great vessels and heart chambers
dx/ interventional/ electrophysiological reasons
general anesthesia usually unnecessary
may be outpatient

54
Q

Cardiac Cath risks

A

hemorrhage from entry site
clot formation and subsequent blockage distally
transient dysrhythmias

55
Q

Cardiac Cath preprocedure nursing

A

assess accurate height / weight –> determines selection of catheter
allergic rxns to iodine
assess and mark bilateral pulses
assess baseline o2 sat

56
Q

Cardiac Cath postprocedure nursing

A

monitor finding on cardiac monitor and o2 sat for 4 hrs after procedure
assess affected extremity (coolness may = arterial obstruction)
vital signs q15min x 4, q30min x 4, q1h x 4
immobilize affected extremity in a flat position for at least 4 -6 hrs for venous entry site and 6-8 hrs for arterial entry site
acetaminophen / ibuprofen for pain / discomfort

57
Q

Cardiac cath discharge

A

remove dressing day after procedure –> bandaid for 2-3 days

no tub baths for 2 -3 dys

58
Q

rheumatic fever

A

inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects connective tissues, and blood vessels of the CNS
most serious complication = rheumatic heart disease (affects cardiac valves, esp mitral valve)
manifests 2-6 wks after an untx group A betahemolytic streptococcal infection of the upper resp tract

59
Q

Jones Criteria for dx of rheumatic fever

A 
Major Criteria:
carditis
arthralgia
chorea
erythema marginatum
subcutaneous nodules
Minor Criteria:
fever
arthralgia
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or positive C reactive protein level
prolonged PR interval on ECG
** to dx: 2 major  OR 1 major + 2 minor must be accompanied by evidence of preceding strep infection
60
Q

Rheumatic fever assessment

A 
fever
elevated antistreptolysin O titer
elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
elevated C reactive protein level
Aschoff bodies (lesions): found in heart, blood vessels, brain, and serous surfaces of the joints / pleura
61
Q

chorea RF

A

involuntary mvmts of extremities and face –> affects speech

62
Q

carditis RF

A

inflammation of all parts of the heart, primarily the mitral valves

63
Q

erythema marginatum RF

A

red skin lesions starting on the trunk and spreading peripherally

64
Q

subcutaneous nodules RF

A

small, nontender swellings, often over the joints

65
Q

polyarthritis RF

A

tender, painful joints (elbows, knees, ankles, wrists)

66
Q

Rheumatic Fever interventions

A

control joint pain and inflammation w massage and hot / cold tx
bed rest during acute febrile phase
abx (penicillin) as rx
admin salicylates and anti inflammatory agents as rx (mask polyarthritis –> do not give before dx confirmed)
sz precautions if experiencing chorea

67
Q

Kawasaki Disease

A

aka mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
acute systemic inflammatory illness
*cardiac involvement is most serious complication –> aneurysms can develop

68
Q

Kawasaki assessment

A

acute stage: fever, conjunctival hyperemia, red throat, swollen hands, rash, enlargement of cerical lymph nodes
Subacute stage: cracking lips and fissures, desquamation of the skin on the tips of the fingers/ toes, joint pain, cardiac manifestations, thrombocytosis
convalescent stage: child appears normal but signs of inflamm may be present

69
Q

Kawasaki interventions

A

monitor temp frequently
assess: heart sounds, heart RR, extremities (for edema, redness, and desquamation), eyes (for conjunctivitis), mucous membranes (for inflamm).
admin soft foods / liquids that are not too hot / cold
passive ROM exercises to facilitate joint mvmt
admin acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) as rx
admin immunoglobulin IV as rx to reduce duration of the fever and incidence of coronary artery lesions and aneurysms (blood precautions)

70
Q

signs of aspirin toxicity

A

tinnitus,
HA,
vertigo,
bruising

71
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

72
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting up blpod

73
Q

melena

A

blood in stool

74
Q

Kawasaki teaching

A

avoid admin of MMR or varicella vaccine to the child for 11 mo after IV immunoglobulin therapy

75
Q

s/sx of kawasaki disease

A

irritability that may last for 2 mo after onset of sx
peeling of hands / feet
pain in joints persisting for several wks
stiffness in morning, after naps, and in cold

NCLEX (15 decks)

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