Ch 37 - Vegetative Plant Development

Question 1

Embryo Development

Answer 1

Egg fertilized
Endosperm: One sperm fertilizes central cell
Zygote: Other sperm fertilizes egg
Embryo: Zygotes divides into many cells
Zygote divides into two unequal daughter cells
Small cell becomes embryo
Large cell becomes suspensor (transports nutrients)

Question 2

Fucus Embryo Development

Answer 2

Small cell becomes rhizoid, angors to alga

Large cell becomes thallus, main algal body

Question 3

Vertical axis

Answer 3

root shoot axis
Established early
Apical meristems establish vertical axis in globular stage

Question 4

Radial axis

Answer 4

Inner out axis
Cells alternate between synchronous cell divisons
3 Tissue systems arise at this stage

Question 5

3 Tissue systems of Radial Axis

Answer 5

Dermal: Protoderm, most outer, becomes protective
Ground: Ground meristem, stores food and water
Vascular: Procambium, most inner, transports nutrients

Question 6

Coyledons

Answer 6

Bulges formed after globular stage
Embryonic cells
Formed by morphogenesis

Question 7

Embryogenesis

Answer 7

Storage of food in cotyledons
Differentiation of ovule to form seed coat
Development of carpel wall in fruit

Question 8

Endosperm

Answer 8

Coconuts: liquid
Corn: solid
Peas: used up in embryogenesis

Question 9

Seed Adaptations

Answer 9

Maintain dormant in bad environments
Protect young vulernable plant
Provide food until photosynthesis
Facilitate dispersal of embryo
Jack Pine: only opens at high temp
Some only germinate with enough water
Some only germinate after passing thru bird intestines

Question 10

Fruit

Answer 10

Mature, ripened ovaries (carpels)
Pericarp: Ovary wall has 3 layers
-exocarp
-mesocarp
-endocarp

Question 11

Fruit Categorization

Answer 11

Dry or Fleshy
Simple (single carpel)
Aggregate (multiple carpel)
Multiple (multiple flower)

Question 12

Fruit Genotypes

Answer 12

1. Fruit and seed coat from previous sporophyte generation
2. Developing seed= remnants of gametophyte generation
3. Embryo= next sporophyte

Question 13

Fruit Dispersal

Answer 13

Ingestion of birds or mammals
Hooked spines on birds and mammals
Burial by herbivores
Wind
Water

Question 14

Germination

Answer 14

Emergence of radicle (first foot)
Happens with water and oxygen are available
Usually requires specific light or temp
Amyloplasts: store starch energy
Root usually emerges before shoot

Question 15

Scutellum

Answer 15

in cereal grain kernals, cotyledon modifies into massive scutellum