Ch 36 - Plant Form

Question 1

Vascular Plant Make up

Answer 1

Root system: anchors plants, grabs nutrients
Shoot System: supports plant, photosynthetic, reproductive
Apex: extends growth for each system

Question 2

Plant Cell walls

Answer 2

Primary: Made of cellulose fibers with parallel microtubules
Secondary: additional lignin provides strength

Question 3

Tissue Systems

Answer 3

Dermal: protective, wax and bark
Ground: energy storage, photosynthesis, secretion
Vascular: transport nutrients
-Xylem:Water & mineral solutions
-Phloem: Nutrient solutions

Question 4

Meristems

Answer 4

Clumps of cells
Dense cytoplasm
Large nuclei
Basically stem cells

Question 5

Primary Meristems

Answer 5

Protoderm: Epidermis (dermal tissue)
Procambium: Primary vascular tissue
Ground Meristem: Ground tissue

Question 6

Secondary Meristems

Answer 6

Cork Cambium - outer bark
Vascular cambium - secondary vascular tissue
Secondary growth = radial

Question 7

Dermal Tissue

Answer 7

Forms epidermis
Covered with fatty cutin layer which makes cuticle
Guard cells: sausage-shaped, flank stoma
Trichomes: hairlike growth on epidermis, keep leaves cool, secrete stuff to deter bugs
Root hairs: tubular extension of epidermal cell

Question 8

Ground cells

Answer 8

Parenchyma: most common, live for years
Chlorenchyma: parenchyma that have chloroplasts
Collenchyma: support organs
Sclerenchyma: tough thick walls and are either fibers (long slender) or sclereids (branched)

Question 9

Vascular Tissue

Answer 9

Xylem: Water and inorganic ion conduction. 
- Vessels: tubes, short and wide
-Tracheids: taper and overlap
Phloem: main food conduction
-Sieve cells and sieve tube cells
-like pores

Question 10

Transpiration

Answer 10

diffusion of water vapor

Question 11

Roots

Answer 11

1. Root cap: columella (inner) and root cap (outer) cells
2. Zone of cell division: cuboidal cells, quiescent center cells
3. Zone of elongation: roots lengthen
4. Zone of maturation: cell differentation

Question 12

Zone of Maturation

Answer 12

Epidermal cells: thin cuticle, root hairs
Cortex: interior to epidermis. parenchyma, storage
Endodermis: single layer, casparian strips are waxy
Stele: everything else interior
Pericycle: gives rise to branch roots or meristems

Question 13

Root systems

Answer 13

Taproot: single large root, small branches
Fibrous: many small roots

Question 14

Stems

Answer 14

contain 3 types of tissue
develop into leaves, flowers, other shoots
Either alternate, opposite or whorled leave arrangements

Question 15

External stem structure

Answer 15

Node: where leaf attaches
Internode:stem between two nodes
Blade: flat part of leaf
Petiole: leaf talk
Axil: angle between blade and stem
Axillary bud: where branches stem off
Terminal bud: extends shoot system

Question 16

Internal Stem structure

Answer 16

Eudicot: vascular tissue arranged in ring with internal (pith) and external (cortex) ground tissue
Monocot vascular tissue bundled around

Question 17

Modified Stems

Answer 17

Bulbs: swollen underground stems
Corms: look like bulbs without fleshy leaves
Rhizomes: horizontal underground stems (potato)
Runners and stolons: horizontal with long internodes that grow along ground surface
Tubers: Swollen tips of rhizomes that have carbs
Tendrils: twine around supports to climb
Cladophylls: flat photosynthetic stems look like leaves

Question 18

Leaves

Answer 18

Main photosynthesis site
Microphyll: one vein that doesn't extend full length of leaf
Megaphyll: several to many veins
Veins are both xylem and phloem
Monocot: parallel
Dicot: netted veins

Question 19

Leaf Form

Answer 19

Simple: undivided blades
Compound: blades divided into leaflets
-Pinnate: like feather
-Palmate: all originating from one spot

Question 20

Leaf Tissue

Answer 20

Mesophyll: layer between upper and lower epidermis
Dicot has 
-palisade: 2 rows of chlorenchyma
-Spongy: loosely arranged cells
Monocot is undifferentiated

Question 21

Modified Leaves

Answer 21

Floral (bracts): look like showy petals
Spines: reduce water loss, deter predators
Reproductive: can grow into plants
Window: cone-shaped, allow photosynthesis underground
Shade: large surface area
Insectivorous: trap insects