Ch 30 - Green Plants

Question 1

Viridaeplantae

Answer 1

Kingdom of Eukary
Land Plants and green algae (NOT brown or red)
Arose from a single species of freshwater algae

Question 2

Green Algae Clades

Answer 2

Chlorophytes: Didn’t make it to land, aquatic

Charophytes or Streptophytes: Made it to land

Question 3

Land Plant Characteristics

Answer 3

Protected embryos
Multicellular
Haploid and diploid phases

Question 4

Land Plant adaptation

Answer 4

Protection from desiccation - waxy & stomata
Tracheids: move water
Xylem&Phloem: move water
Leaves: more photosynthetic surface area
Dominant vertical diploid generation

Question 5

Plant life cycle

Answer 5

Haplodiplontic
Alternation of generations
Sporophyte (2n) produces haploid spores via meioses
Spores divide to produce gametophyte via mitosis
Gametophyte (1n) produces gametes by mitosis
Gametes fuse to form diploid sporophyte

Question 6

Sporophyte

Answer 6

diploid stage
spore plant
dominant in gymnosperms and angiosperms
2n
produces haploid spores via meiosis
nutritionally independent in angio & gymnosperms

Question 7

Gametophyte

Answer 7

haploid stage
gamete plant
dominant in mosses and ferns
limited size in all plants
1n
produces gametes via mitosis
gametes fuse to form sporophyte

Question 8

Chlamydomanas

Answer 8

primitive green algae
unicellular with 2 flagella
eyespots for swimming
asexual and sexual

Question 9

Volvox

Answer 9

Colonial chlorophyte
Hollow sphere of 500-60000 cells
Few specialized cells

Question 10

Ulva

Answer 10

Multicellular chlorophyte
Haplodiplontic life cycle
gametophyte and sporophyte are identical

Question 11

Charophytes

Answer 11

Clade of Streptophyta
Green algae
related to land plants
2 candidate clades

Question 12

Charophytes candidate clades

Answer 12

Charales (300 species)
-Macroscopic
-Plant like mitosis
-Sister clade to land plants
Chloeocaetales (30 species)
-Microscopic
-Plant like plasmodesmata

Question 13

Bryophytes

Answer 13

Close descendants to first land plants
Non-tracheophytes (no specialized transport)
Sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on gametophyte
Gametophyte dominant
Require water for reproduction
3 Clades

Question 14

Liverworts

Answer 14

Phylum Hepaticophyta, of Bryophytes
Flattened gametophytes
Form Gametangia, look like umbrellas
Asexual ability

Question 15

Hornworts

Answer 15

Phylum Anthocerotophyta, of Bryophytes
Sporophyte has stomata
Photosynthetic sporophyte
Cells have largest chloroplast

Question 16

Moss

Answer 16

Phylum Bryophyta, of Bryophytes clade
Gametophytes: small “leaves”around a “stem” anchored by rhizoids
Withstand drought, but not air pollution

Question 17

Archegonia vs Antheridia

Answer 17

Archegonia: female gametangia
Antheridia: male gametangia

Question 18

Cooksonia

Answer 18

first vascular (tracheophyte) plant
~420 MYO
no roots or leaves
homosporous

Question 19

Vascular Tissue

Answer 19

Xylem: conducts water and minerals up
Phloem: conductions sucrose and hormones
Plants with theses usually also have cuticle and stomata

Question 20

Seeds

Answer 20

protect plant embryo
only occur in heterosporous plants
sometimes covered in fruit

Question 21

Vascular Plants

Answer 21

7 Phlya

3 Clades

Question 22

Lycophytes

Answer 22

Clade of vascular plants
club moss
lack seeds
look like moss but are unrelated
homo or heterosporous

Question 23

Pterophytes

Answer 23

Clade of vascular plants
form antheridia and archegonia
flagellated sperm (require water)
ferns
Produce sporangia in clusters called Sori on fronds

Question 24

Ferns

Answer 24

of Clade Pterophytes
 11000 species 
sporo and gameto both photosynthetic
rhizomes
leaves called fronds develop as coils (fiddlehead)

Question 25

Horsetails

Answer 25

of Clade Pterophyta
15 species 
homosporous 
ribbed stems arise from rhizomes
 stems have silica

Question 26

Whisk ferns

Answer 26

of Clade Pterophyta
tropical
green stems without leaves or roots
no vascular tissue

Question 27

Seed Plants

Answer 27

465-305 MYA
Evolved from progymnosperms
Benefits:
-Protects embryo
- Easily dispersed
- Dormant phase in lifecycle

Question 28

Seed plant gametophytes

Answer 28

Male: pollen, dispersed via nature
Female: ovule, enclosed within sporophyte tissue

Question 29

Gymnosperm

Answer 29

“naked seed” plants
Ovule is exposed at pollination
No flowers or fruits
4 Phyla

Question 30

Phylum Coniferophyta

Answer 30

Largest gynosperm phylum

Field trip trees - spruce, fir, pine, redwood

Question 31

Pine

Answer 31

of phylum Coniferophyta
grow only in northern hemisphere
Thick cuticle and recessed stomata
Canals that secrete resin
Small male cones on lower branches
Larger woody female cones on higher branches, 2 ovules per scale
Ovule has megasporangium called nucellus
Pollen tube takes 15 months to reach archegonium

Question 32

Phylum Cacadophyta

Answer 32

of gynosperms
Slow growing
tropical
palm tree-ish

Question 33

Phylum Gnetophyta

Answer 33

of gymnosperms
Vessels in xylem
3 unique genera

Question 34

Phylum Ginkgophyta

Answer 34

Only 1 living species - Gingko biloba
flagellated sperm
dioecious

Question 35

Angiosperms

Answer 35

flowering plants
ovules enclosed in diploid tissue at pollination
Carpel (modified leaf) covers seeds, becomes fruit
~200MYA
Double fertilization

Question 36

Flower morphology

Answer 36

Primordium develops into bud called pedicel
Pedicel expands to form receptacle, where whorls attach
Sepals: outermost green whorl
Petals: 2nd whorl
Stamens (androecium = group): have anther and filament, male
Carpels (gynoecium): females

Question 37

Carpel structure

Answer 37

Ovary: base containing ovules, becomes fruit
Stigma: where pollen lands
Style: neck or stalk

Question 38

Angiosperm life cycle

Answer 38

Eudicots: use flowers to attract insect pollinators
Monocots: some rely on wind for pollination
Cotyledon: embryonic leaves