Ch. 34 Fungi Flashcards
what kind of eaters are fungi?
absorptive heterotrophs
in which ways do fungi differ from plants?
- lack plastids (heteroptophic, cant make own food)
- store energy in glycogen, not starch
- cell walls are chitin (not cellulose)
FUNGI ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO ANIMALS THAN PLANTS ARE
mycellium
refers to the entire mass of hyphae which makes up the body of a fungus
hypha (hyphae pl.)
refers to a single individual filament of fungal cells
how do fungi eat?
they absorb nutrients through their cell walls
how do fungi grow?
the absorption of nutrients draws water (osmosis) into hyphae and turgor makes the hyphae grow
many mushrooms, one ____
mycellium
usually, the actual body of the mushroom is below ground and called the mycellium. what is the part that we see above ground?
fruiting body
how do fungi reproduce? are there male/female fungi?
no males/females only homothallic (self crossing) and heterothallic (outcrossing)
how many life stages do fungi have? what are they called?
they have 3
- haploid
- dikaryotic (two nuclei)
- diploid
how many phyla of fungi are there?
5
what are the 5 phyla of fungi in order? (earliest –> last)
- chytrids (have chitin)
- zygomycetes (hyphae)
- glomeromycetes
- basidiomycetes (complex multicellular fruiting bodies)
- ascomycetes (complex multicellular fruiting bodies)
what are mycorrhizae fungi?
symbiotic fungi
what are saprotrophic fungi?
decomposers
what are parasitic fungi?
leech nutrients from other organisms
what are pathogenic fungi?
disease-causing fungi
characteristics of chytrids
- asexual spores and sexual gametes
- flagellated sperm
- only fungal group with flagellated cells
- live in water
- one of the earliest fungal groups
*one type of chytrid is killing amphibians = BAD
characteristics of zygomycota
- terrestrial
- mostly saprotrophs (decomposers)
- hyphae lack septa (internal cross walls)
- black bread mold
- only 1% of fungal species are this
characteristics of glomeromycota
- obligate symbionts
- formation of arbuscules in plant roots (form “little trees” inside root cells, increase surface area for nutrient uptake)
- large, multinucleate spores with layered walls
- non-septate hyphae
*The fungal symbiont receives carbohydrates/sugars from the plant in exchange for functioning as an extended root system, thereby dramatically improving mineral uptake by the plant roots
characteristics of ascomycota
- “sac fungi”
- yeast, molds, etc
- 64% of all known species
- yeast, penicillin, cheese, sake, rice vinegar, athletes foot
*Ascomycetes produce 4 cells by meiosis, and these each
divide again to form 8 ascospores. These spores are housed in tiny sacs called asci (singular: ascus) lining the inside of the cup-shaped ascocarp. FORM LITTLE CUPS
- thought to be responsible for salem witch trials
- many form lichens
- can be predatory! (zombie ants)
what are lichens?
Lichens are mutualistic associations between an ascomycete fungus and a green alga (or cyanobacterium).
The alga provides food to the fungus, and the fungus provides protection, water and minerals for the alga.
characteristics of lichens
- highly structured
- very slow growing
- fungus is selective, will only settle for one specific species of alga
what does the fungus offer the alga in a lichen symbiotic relationship? what other benefits do they give the environment?
- protection from herbivores
- protection from competitors
- protection from UV
-can limit erosion, provide shelter for organisms, contribute nitrogen, nesting material, food
what are some uses for yeasts?
- used in bread, beer, and wine
- penicillium
characteristics of basidiomycetes?
34% of all known species
- “club fungi”
- smuts, rusts, toadstools
- long lived dikaryotic mycelium (2 nuclei)
- form ectomycorrhizae (doesn’t penetrate)
*Basidiomycetes produce 4 basidiospores by meiosis, which remain attached to a base called a basidium. Basidia line either gills or pores of the basidiocarp (mushroom).
are slime molds fungi?
NO
-2 stages of life (plasmodium (blob) and fruiting body (sticks up))
