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BIO 1108 > Ch. 27 Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Ch. 27 Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are eukaryotes?

A

unicellular (fungi, protista)

multicellular (plants, animals)

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2
Q

what are prokaryotes?

A

can be unicellular or multicellular

-bacteria or archaea

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3
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

eat food from other organisms/plants

cannot make own food

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4
Q

what are autotrophs?

A

can make own food from simple organic substances

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5
Q

define phagocytosis

A

engulf, package, transport and digest
food particles
-ex. amoebas do this

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6
Q

define pinocytosis

A

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.

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7
Q

why is there so much more

diversity in size, shape, types of eukaryotes than prokaryotes?

A
  • Membrane dynamics
  • Compartmentalized metabolism
  • Genome organization
  • Genetic diversity by means of sex
  • Life cycles
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8
Q

what is the life cycle of animal cells?

A

subset of haploid cells – meiosis – gametes – fertilization

1 multicellular phase: diploid

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9
Q

what is the life cycle of plant cells?

A

2 multicellular phases

1 haploid and 1 diploid

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10
Q

when does the cell cycle differ?

A

-Cell cycle differs when the organism reproduces sexually or asexually

  • Sexually reproducing eukaryotes alternate states.
  • Differences are most obvious in the proportion of time spent as haploid versus diploid
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11
Q

define endosymbiosis

A

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other

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12
Q

what evidence of endosymbiosis do we see in plant cells?

A

chloroplasts in plant cells most closely resemble certain photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria)

  • machinery of cyanobacteria closely resembles how thylakoid membranes organize machinery of chloroplasts
  • processes of photosynthesis in both are almost identical
  • chloroplasts have their own separate membranes
  • chloroplast DNA is closely related to cyanobacteria rather than the DNA of their host
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13
Q

define symbiont

A

organisms that lives in closely evolved association with another species

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14
Q

define symbiosis

A

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

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15
Q

what are 3 cases in which organisms use chloroplast endosymbiosis?

A

red algae
green algae
photosynthetic amoeba

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16
Q

what is a characteristic of chloroplast endosymbiotic DNA?

A

No longer need a big genome since they are not independent (free-living)
• Some genes migrated to the host nucleus

17
Q

do we see endosymbiosis associated with mitochondria? if so, what are mitochondria most closely related to?

A

yes
proteobacteria
(except for a few extreme types in oxygen poor environments)

18
Q

characteristic of eukaryotic cells that lack mitochondria

A

even eukaryotic cells that do not have mitochondria have traces of mitochondrial DNA in their genome

-many eukaryotic cells that do not have mitochondria have “hydrogenosomes” which generate ATP by anaerobic processes (allows them to function in oxygen poor environments)

19
Q

hypotheses of the origins of eukaryotic cells/their DNA components

A
  • Nuclear genes of eukaryotes are loaded with other organism genes.
  • Probably multiple horizontal gene transfer events.
20
Q

what are protists?

A

organisms having a nucleus but lacking other features specific to plants/animals/fungi
(usually microscopic eukaryotes and seaweeds)

21
Q

what is algae?

A

photosynthetic protists

may be microscopic single celled organisms OR big visible clumps of seaweed

22
Q

what is protozoa?

A

heterotrophic protists
(almost always single celled organisms)
-have remarkable diversity!!

23
Q

what are the 7 major superkingdoms of eukaryotes?

A
  1. opisthokants
  2. amoebozoans
  3. archaeplastids
  4. stramenopiles
  5. alveolates
  6. rhizarians
  7. excavates
24
Q

in which superkingdom do most eukaryotic species fall under?

A

opisthokanta
75% of species
(1.8 million species discovered so far)

25
Q

which groups are in the opisthokant superkingdom?

A
  • animals (complex multicellularity)
  • choanoflagellates
  • fungi (complex multicellularity)
26
Q

what are choanoflagellates?

A 
•type of opisthokant
- 150 species
• All unicellular protists
• All have microvilli ring with a single flagellum
• Closest genome to animals!
27
Q

what are microsporidia?

A
  • very closely related to fungi
  • group of unicellular opisthokants
  • parasites that live inside of animal cells
  • only spores can live outside of host environments
  • have no mitochondria/golgi apparatus/flagella
  • cause illness and health problems in humans
28
Q

what are some characteristics of the superkingdom amoebozoa?

A

-group of eukaryotes with amoeba like cells that move and gather food by means of pseudopodia

29
Q

what are plasmodial slime molds?

A

type of amoebozoa

  • coenecytic (multinucleotide cells, replicate nucleus but no cytokinesis)
  • plasmodia generate sporangia (stalked structures that produce spores for dispersal in order to reproduce)
  • often seen as lace like structures to the naked eye

“Weird creatures that form zygotes that repeatedly go
through mitosis but no cell division (coenocytic cells =
a single cell with many nuclei)…
this forms the plasmodia which builds the
sporangia, a reproductive body”

30
Q

what are cellular slime molds?

A

type of amoebozoa
-live most of life as solitary amoeboid cells feeding on bacteria in soil. when starved, release cylic AMP signals to aggregate cells into a large chemical clump

“Soil amoeboid-style living. When starved of food
(bacteria), form aggregations called a slug. Slug can
form sporangia”

31
Q

what are some characteristics of the superkingdom archaeplastida? what are the 3 groups of archaeplastids?

A
  • photosynthetic organisms, superkingdom form which land plants arose
  • descended from protists and acquired photosynthesis from endosymbiotic cyanobacterium
  1. glaucocystophytes
  2. red algae
  3. green algae
32
Q

glaucocystophytes

A

-fresh water
-single-celled
-the highest number of features linking to the ancestral
cyanobacteria endosymbiont
-Peptidoglycan and biliprotein pigments that are
photosynthetic

33
Q

red algae

A
  • 5000 spp
  • mostly marine
  • walls of cellulose, chlorophyll a, and biliproteins
  • Used in toothpaste, ice cream and agar.
34
Q

green algae

A

-8,000 spp
-some are fresh water
-land plants originate here
-Green Algae Diversity: differences in form, chlorophyll
a and b, 2-membrane chloroplasts, phytoplankton,
worldwide

35
Q

characteristics of the superkingdom stramenopila?

A

-Giant kelp, algae, and protozoans (photosynthetic)
-free-living and parasitic
-Odd flagellum with stiff hairs, some with second flagellum
that is not hairy

36
Q

what are some types of stramenopila?

A
  • Diatoms - most diverse stramenopiles (used in beer/responsible for 25% of worlds PSN)
  • brown algae
37
Q

characteristics of the superkingdom alveolata? what are the 3 types?

A

-Dinoflagellates (“whirling whip”): Most are SW spp. But a
few spp are common in FW, lots with chloroplasts, some
endosymbionts with coral especially (zooxanthellae).
Ex. Red Tides

-Ciliates: cilia, lots of parasitic spp, not generally
parasitic to humans (ex. paramecium)

-Apicomplexans (parasites, only gametes locomote):
Ex. Plasmodium falciparum (MALARIA)
655,000 human deaths in 2011 alone

38
Q

what is the fossil record of protists?

A

1.8 billion years
• Oldest Eukaryote is in Australian rocks
• 1200 million year old multicellular red algae in Canada
• 750 million year old rock in Arizona has diverse
amoebazoans

BIO 1108 (30 decks)

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