Ch. 30 anatomy and pathology

Question 1

One of the clinical signs of a spinal problem in an infant is a(n) ___________ on the posterior surface of the body along the spinal canal

Answer 1

dimple

Question 2

Other suspicious findings that an abnormality may present include a(n) _____________, a raised midline area, a(n) ____________ patch, or even a tail-like projection from the lower spine

Answer 2

Hemangioma, hairy

Question 3

A dimple is suspicious if it is greater than __________ from the anus

Answer 3

1 inch

Question 4

Spina _________ includes disorders of the spine involving absent or incomplete closure of the neural tube

Answer 4

dysraphism

Question 5

The defects of the spinal canal occur in the firs ________________ weeks of life as the fetal nervous system develops

Answer 5

8.5

Question 6

The bony spine, meninges, and muscle form the _______

Answer 6

Mesoderm

Question 7

Incomplete separation of the neural tube from the ectoderm may result in cord tethering, _______________ or dermal sinus

Answer 7

Diastematomyelia

Question 8

If the neural tube fails to fold and fuse in the midline, defects, such as a _____________occur

Answer 8

Myelomeningocele

Question 9

Within the vertebral cavity lie the spinal cord, the roots of the spinal nerves, and the covering_________________ which provide protection for the vertebral column

Answer 9

Meninges

Question 10

Each vertebra consists of a rounded body ______________ and a vertebral arch ___________

Answer 10

Anteriorly, Posteriorly

Question 11

The vertebrae enclose a space called the vertebral ___________, through which run the spinal cord and its coverings

Answer 11

foramen

Question 12

The vertebral arch consists of a pair of cylindrical pedicles, which form the sides of the arch, and a pair of flattened _____________, which complete the arch posteriorly

Answer 12

laminae

Question 13

Laterally the sacrum articulates with the two iliac bones to form the __________ joints

Answer 13

sacroiliac

Question 14

The laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra (and sometimes those of the fourth) fail to meet in the midline, forming the sacral _________________

Answer 14

Hiatus

Question 15

The ____________disks are responsible for one fourth of the length of the vertebral column

Answer 15

Intervertebral

Question 16

Each disk consists of a peripheral part, the annulus ___________, and a central part, the nucleus _____________

Answer 16

fibrous, pulposus

Question 17

The spinal cord begins above at the foramen magnum, where it is continuous with the medulla oblangata of the brain. In the younger child, it is relatively longer and ends at the upper border of the ___________lumbar vertebra

Answer 17

third

Question 18

Inferiorly the cord tapers off into the conus _____________, from the apex of which a prolongation of the pia mater, the filum ___________, descends to be attached to the baack of the coccyx

Answer 18

Medullaris, terminale

Question 19

The cord has a deep longitudinal fissure in the midline anteriorly called the anterior______________ fissure, and a shallow furrow on the posterior surface called the posterior median sulcus

Answer 19

Median

Question 20

The lower nerve roots together are called the _______________

Answer 20

Cauda equina

Question 21

The spinal cord is surrounded by three meninges: the ____________ mater, the ___________mater, and the _________mater

Answer 21

Dura, arachnoid , and the pia

Question 22

The most external membrane is the _____________mater and is a dense, strong, fibrous sheet that encloses the spinal cord end cauda equina

Answer 22

Dura

Question 23

The ____________mater is a delicate impermeable membrane covering the spinal cord and lying between the pia mater internally and the dura mater externally

Answer 23

arachnoid

Question 24

The vascular membrane that closely covers the spinal cord is the ______________mater; below it fuses with the filum terminale

Answer 24

Pia

Question 25

The spinal cord is ___________ with slightly echogenic borders and an echogenic line extending longitudinally along its midline

Answer 25

hypoechoic

Question 26

This central echo complex represents or is close to the cord’s central _________

Answer 26

canal

Question 27

The spinal cord and roots of the cauda equina are normally observed to ______________ with the frequency of the heartbeat, and there is also a superimposed motion that occurs with respiration

Answer 27

Move

Question 28

The ____________ spinal cord is a pathologic fixation of the spinal cord in an abnormal caudal location so that the cord suffers mechanical stretching, distortion, and ischemia with daily activities, growth, and development

Answer 28

tethered

Question 29

In addition to being in a more caudal location, the tethered spinal cord is often fixed ____________ within the canal

Answer 29

Eccentrically

Question 30

Lipomas are usually _____________ and may present as a small or large mass

Answer 30

Echogenic

Question 31

A(n) ____________shows a flat nontubulated cord (neural placode) with nerve roots extending into the defect

Answer 31

Myelomeningocele

Question 32

In contrast, a(n) ________________ shows nothing but fluid within the sac

Answer 32

Meningocele

Question 33

__________________ seem to have a high association with tethered spinal cord

Answer 33

Hemangiomas