Ch. 25 Anatomy, Sono evaluation and pathology

Question 1

The central nervous system develops from the ___________ Plate

Answer 1

Neural

Question 2

Consisting of both the brain and the spinal cord, the _____________ differentiates into the central nervous system

Answer 2

Neural tube

Question 3

The thalami fuse in the midline and form a fusion called the

Answer 3

Massa intermedia

Question 4

Along the choroidal fissure, the medial wall of the developing cerebral hemisphere becomes thin. Invaginations of vascular pia form the ____________________ of the lateral ventricles at this site

Answer 4

Choroid plexus

Question 5

As the mesenchyme is trapped in the midline with the growth of the hemispheres, the _____________ is formed.

Answer 5

Falx cerebri

Question 6

The ___________________ forms from the cavity of the hindbrain and contains choroid plexus like the lateral and third ventricle

Answer 6

4th ventricle

Question 7

The spaces between the bones of the skull are called

Answer 7

Fontanelles

Question 8

The _______ fontanelle is located at the top of the neonatal head and may be easily felt as the “soft spot”

Answer 8

Anterior

Question 9

A double layered outer membrane that forms the toughest barrier is the

Answer 9

Dura mater

Question 10

A V-shaped echogenic structure known as the _____________ seperates the cerebrum and the cerebellum; it is an extension of the falx cerebri.

Answer 10

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 11

The __________ ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen of Monro

Answer 11

Lateral

Question 12

The cavum septum pellucidum forms the medial wall and the _______________ forms the roof

Answer 12

Corpus callosum

Question 13

The ___________ touches the inferior lateral ventricular wall and the body of the caudate _________________ borders the superior wall

Answer 13

Thalamus, Nucleus

Question 14

The third and fourth ventricles are connected by the

Answer 14

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Question 15

The lateral angles of the fourth ventricle form the foramen of ______________

Answer 15

Luschka

Question 16

The ____________________________ surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord from physical impact

Answer 16

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

Question 17

The mass of special cells that regulate the intraventricular pressure by secretion of absorption of cerebral spinal fluid is the ____________________

Answer 17

Choroid plexus

Question 18

The ______________________ is located along the lateral- most aspect of the brain and is the area where the middle cerebral artery is located

Answer 18

Sylvian fissure

Question 19

The _______________ borders the third ventricle and connects through the middle of the third ventricle by the massa interna

Answer 19

Thalamus

Question 20

The __________________________ extends from the pons to the foramen magnum where if continues as the spinal cord

Answer 20

Medulla oblangata

Question 21

Three pairs of nerve tracts the _____________________, connect the cerebellum to the brain stemm

Answer 21

Cerebellar peduncle

Question 22

Both cerebral hemispheres, the basal ganglia, the lateral and third ventricles, the interhemispheric fissure, and the Subarachnoid space surrounding the hemispheres are shown in ________________________studies

Answer 22

supratentorial

Question 23

The cerebellum, the brain stem, the fourth ventricle, and the basal cisterns are visualized in ______________ studies

Answer 23

Infratentorial

Question 24

Technically a(n) ______________ view is 90 degrees to Reid’s baseline

Answer 24

Coronal plane

Question 25

When the transducer is angled ______________, the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles appear as slitlike hypoechoic tp cystic formations

Answer 25

Anteriorly

Question 26

As the transducer is angled ___________, the ventricles acquire a comma-like shape

Answer 26

posteriorly

Question 27

Sonography depicts the choroid plexus as a very ______________ structure inside the ventricular cavities surrounding the thalamic nuclei

Answer 27

Echogenic

Question 28

In premature infants, the caudate nuclei may have __________ echogenicity than the rest of the brain parenchyma

Answer 28

Higher

Question 29

The _________ ventricle appears in the midline as a small anechoic space approximately 2 to 3 mm wide, located anteriorly to the vermis

Answer 29

Fourth

Question 30

A Congenital anomaly associated with spina bifida is a(n) _________________ malformation in which the cerebellum and brain stem are pulled toward the spinal cord and secondary hydrocephalus develops

Answer 30

Arnold-Chiari

Question 31

Chiari malformation is frequently associated with myelomeningocele, _____________, dilation of the third ventricle, and absence of the septum pellucidum

Answer 31

Hydrocephalus

Question 32

_________________ is characterized by a grossly abnormal brain in which there is a common large central ventricle

Answer 32

Holoprosencephaly

Question 33

Dandy-Walker syndrome is a congenital anomaly in which a huge _______________ ventricle cyst occupies the area where the cerebellum usually lies , with secondary dilation of the third and lateral ventricles

Answer 33

Fourth

Question 34

A Dandy-Walker variant is present when there is an enlarged _____________ communicating with the fourth ventricle in the presence of a normal or hypoplastic cerebellar vermis

Answer 34

Cisterna magna

Question 35

Complete absence of the ________________ is distinguished by narrow frontal horns, as well as marked separation of the anterior horns and bodies of the lateral ventricles associated with widening of the occipital horns and the third ventricle

Answer 35

Corpus callosum

Question 36

Any condition in which enlargement of the ventricular system is caused by an imbalance between production and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is referred to as _______________

Answer 36

Hydrocephalus

Question 37

The CSF pathways are open within the ventricular system in _______________ hydrocephalus, but there is decreased absorption of CSF

Answer 37

Communicating

Question 38

The most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is _________________

Answer 38

Aqueductal Stenosis

Question 39

The most common hemorrhagic lesions in preterm newborn infants are _______________________ hemorrhages

Answer 39

Subependymal- intraventricular

Question 40

Subependymal hemorrhages (SEHs) are caused by capillary bleeding in the _________________________

Answer 40

Germinal matrix

Question 41

Studies from the anterior fontanelle may not detect small IVHs, because intraventricular blood tends to "settle out" in the _______________ horns

Answer 41

Posterior

Question 42

Intraparenchymal hemorrhages appear as very ______________ zones in the white matter adjacent to the lateral ventricles

Answer 42

echogenic

Question 43

______________________ can result from a variety of insults including respiratory failure, congenital heart disease, and sepsis

Answer 43

Ischemic- hypoxic lesions

Question 44

White matter ischemia leads to white matter volume loss or _______________ leukomalacia

Answer 44

Periventricular

Question 45

The chronic stage of WMN is identified with ultrasound when_________________________ develop in the echogenic white matter

Answer 45

Echolocencies

Question 46

A common complication of purulent meningitis in newborn infants in

Answer 46

Ventriculitis

Question 47

______________________ occurs when the ependyma becomes thickened and hyperechoic as a result of irritation from hemorrhage within the ventricle

Answer 47

Ependymitis