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anatomy > ch 3 tissues > Flashcards

ch 3 tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is tissue classification?

A
  • based on structure of cells. composed noncellular extracellular matrix and cell function
  • 4 types are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.
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2
Q

what is the classification and function of embryonic tissue?

A

classification: first tissues

Functions- endoderm: Inner layer gives rise many things. mucus membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts.

Mesoderm- middle layer forms tissue,blood, mostly muscle

ectoderm- epidermis and nervous system

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3
Q

what is the classification and function of epithelial tissue

A

classification: avascular connective tissue, epithelia and glands

Functions: physical protection, permeability, barriers e.g. skin, permitting passage substances e.g. nephrons in kidney. secreting substances eg pancreas. absorbing substances eg lining of small intestine

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4
Q

how are epithelial cells joined

A

tight junctions

hemidesmosomes: attach epithelial cells to basement membrane

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5
Q

Function and classification of a simple squamous epithelium tissue?

A
  • diffusion, filtration, secretion,absorption, reduces friction
  • single layer flat cells
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6
Q

What is the function and classification of a simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

functions: limited protection
- secretion and absorption in kidney
- secretion in glands and choroid plexus
- movement mucus out of bronchioles by ciliated cells

structure: single layer cube shaped cells; some types microvilli or cilia.

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7
Q

What is the classification and function of a Simple Columnar Epithelium

A
  • found in areas absoroption and secretion occurs
  • movement particles out bronchioles by ciliated cells
  • aids movement oocytes through uterine tubes by ciliated cells
  • secretion by glands stomach and intestine
  • absorption cells intestine

structure: single layer, tall, narrow cells. some cilia.

examples are bronchioles lungs,stomach, intestines

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8
Q

classification and function of a simple columnar epithelium?

A

functions: where absorption and secretion takes place
- movement particles out bronchioles by ciliated cells
- aids movement oocytes through uterine tubes
- secretion by glands stomach and intestine
- absorptioin by cells of intestine

structure: singe layer of tall narrow cells. some have cilia

ex are bronchioles lungs and auditory tubes

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9
Q

What is the function and classification of a stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • found where mechanical stresses severe
  • protection abrasion, caustic chemicals,water loss,infection

structure: multiple layers cells cuboidal in basal layers flatten towards surface
examples: mouth,throat, larynx.

keritanized-skin. protein that water resistant.

non keritanized- resistance to abrasion dry out deteriorate unless moist

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10
Q

Function and classification of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

function: protection and secretion
structure: layers cells resting layers cuboidal cells.
location: mammary gland duct, larynx, portion of male urethra

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11
Q

Function classification transitional epithelium?

A

functions: accommodates fluctuations volume fluid in organ or tube. protection against caustic effects urine.
structure: stratified. change shape depending distention in organ.
location: lining urinary bladder, superior urethra

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12
Q

classification and function of glandular epithelia?

A

2 types glands formed b unfolding of epithelium:

Endocrine: release secretions by exocytosis from gland cells into fluid surrounding cell. diffuse into blood for distribution to other regions body where they regulate or coordinate activities various tissues, organs and organ systems.

exocrine:
serous glands-secrete watery solution contains enzymes such as salivary amylase in saliva

mucous glands- secrete glycoproteins called mucins absorb water form slippery mucus in saliva

mixed exocrine glands- contains more 1 type gland cell may produce 2 different exocrine secretions, one serous and other mucous

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13
Q

What is the classification and function of pseudo stratified ciliated columnar Epithelium?

A

function: synthesize and secrete mucus onto free surface
-move mucus that contains foreign particles over free surface form passages
locations- lining nasal cavity, nasal sinuses

Structure: appears stratified. almost always ciliated associated with goblet cells

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14
Q

function classification of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A
  • rare

- found lining sweat gland ducts and other exoglands

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15
Q

what does alveolar or acinar mean?#

A
  • exocrine glands classifed by structure or method of secretion
  • if ducts end tubules or sac-like structures:acini
  • if ducts end simple sacs: alveoli. lungs

Simple: does not branch
compound: branches repeatedly

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16
Q

What are the mechanisms of secretion of a glandular epithelium cell

A

Merocrine- no loss cytoplasm. secretion leaves by active transport or exocytosis.
ex sweat glands

apocrine- fragments gland go into secretion. apex of cells pinch off.
-mammary glands.

holocrine- cell becomes part of secretion. secretion accumulates in cell, cell ruptures and dies
ex sebaceous glands

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17
Q

What is the purpose of connective tissue?

A
  • encloses organs as capsule separates organs into layers
  • connect tissues to one another. tendons and ligaments.
  • support and movement.
  • storage.fat
  • cushion and insulate. fat
  • transport. blood
  • protect cells of immune system
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18
Q

What are blasts, cites and class when pertaining to connective tissue cell terminology?

A

blasts: create matrix, example is osteoblast
cytes: maintain matrix, example chondrocyte
clasts: break matrix down for remodeling, example is osteoclasts

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19
Q

What is the function and classification of connective tissue proper- fixed cells?-

A

1Fixed cells

meenchymal cells: stem cells can differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages or other ct cells
-found mesenchymal cells, fixed macrophages, adipocytes. fibroblasts and fibrocytes as well

mesenchymal- cells respond to injury and infection by dividing to produce daughter cells differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages and other cells.

fixed macrophages- phagocytizes(eats) damaged cells and pathogens

adipocytes- store lipid reserves

fibroblasts- produces all Ct fibres

fibrocytes- maintains ct fibres of ct proper

melanocytes: determine skin colour

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20
Q

what is connective tissue cell classifification

A 
1.Connective tissue proper
 A) loose
-adipose
-areolar
-reticular

2 Dense

  • dense regular
  • dense smooth
  • elastic

3 fluid connective tissue

  • blood
  • lymph

4 supporting connective tissue

  • cartilage
  • bone
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21
Q

Classification and function Ct Proper wandering cells?

A

wandering cells are
1 free macrophages
2 mast cells
3 neutrophils and eosinophils( white blood cells)

free macrophages- frontline defence. reinforced by arrival free macrophages and other specialized cells.

mast cells- stimulate local inflammation. cell filled granules HISTAMINE and HEPARIN. chemicals released after injury or infection stimulate inflammation.

Neutrophils and eosinophils-small, PHAGOCYTIC BLOOD cells MOBILIZE during infection TISSUE or INJURY.

22
Q

what is the extra cellular ground matrix?

A

made 2 substances 1. POLYSACCHARIDES gel like.
2. FIBROUS PROTEIN

function:animal cells not surrounded by cell walls.cells in tissue multicellular organisms embedded in EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX with secreted PROTEINS

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX- fills space and binds CELLS and TISSUES together. 1 example extracellular matrix is THIN,SHEET LIKE BASAL LAMINAE or BASAL MEMBRANES. layers EPITHELIAL TISSUE CELLS rest in addition supporting sheets epithelial cells. basal laminae surround muscle cells, adipose cells, peripheral nerves.

  • extracellular matrix most abundant CONNECTIVE TISSUES. loose connective tissue beneath epithelial cell consists mostly extracellular matrix fibroblasts.
  • bone, tendon, cartilage consists largely of extracellular matrix which principally responsible for structure and function.
23
Q

Function and classification of embryonic tissues?

A
  1. mesenchyme
  2. mucus

mesenchyme- FIRST CONNECTIVE TISSUE in embryo. SOURCE all adult connective tissue.

  • CREATED by MESODERM
  • COLLAGEN fibers embedded semifluid matrix

mucus- UMBILICAL CORD.

  • neither embryonic ct found in adult.
24
Q

Function of Loose Connective tissue proper? what are the 3 categories?

A

Loose connective tissue- packaging materials. fill spaces between organs. CUSHIONING support epithelia. surrounds and SUPPORTS BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES AND STORES LIPIDS.

  • AREOLAR
  • ADIPOSE
  • RETICULAR
25
Q

Function of Areolar tissue?

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • cushions organs, supports movement
  • phagocytic cells defend pathogens
  • DELIVERS o2 and nutrients and removes CO2 and waste products and capillaries in areolar tissue.
  • cotains collagen, reticular fibers and 5 types cells
  • loose packaging material of most organs and tissues also known as stroma
26
Q

Function of adipose tissue?

A
  • loose connective tissue proper
    two kinds WHITE and BROWN

White: INSULATES( reduces heat loss) stores energy.
-most ABUNDANT KIND

Brown: TEMPERATURE REGULATION newborns and young children.

27
Q

What is the function of Reticular connective tissue?

A
  • Loose connective tissue proper
  • provides FRAMEWORK of SUPPORT
  • forms superstructure LYMPHATIC and HEMOPOIETIN tissues.
28
Q

name the function and the categories of connective tissue proper? DENSE

A
  • most VOLUME made up FIBERS.
    1 DENSE REGULAR
    2 DENSE IRREGULAR
    3ELASTIC
29
Q

what is the function and categories of Dense regular connective tissue?

A

-provides attachments, conducts pull muscles,REDUCES FRICTION between muscle, stabilizes positions bones.
1 tendons
2 aponeuroses
3 ligaments

30
Q

what are the function of tendons?

A
  • dense regular connective tissue.

- attach muscles to bone and cartilage.

31
Q

what are the functions of aponeuroses?

A
  • attach SUPERFICIAL muscle to another muscle strucure.
32
Q

what are the functions of ligaments?

A
  • connect BONE to BONE or CARTILAGE to CARTILAGE -very little amount can be stretched
33
Q

What is the function of elastic tissue?

A

*dense regular connective tissue proper

Elastic tissue- STABILIZES positions vertebrae. permits expansion and contraction organs.

34
Q

Function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • strength and support to areas subjected to stress.
  • prevents overexpansion organs like urinary bladder.
  • connective tissue proper
35
Q

What is the function and categories of supporting connective tissue?

A

-STRONG framework SUPPORTS rest body
1 cartilage
2 bone

36
Q

what is the function of cartilage?

A

*supporting connective tissue
3 sub categories: hyaline, fibrous, elastic

  • composed CHONDROCYTES located matrix surrounded by lacunae.
  • kind cartilage dependant matrix.

Ground substance: PROTEOGLYCANS and HYALURONIC ACID trap water. tissue springs back after being compressed

-PERICHONDREUM. dense irregular connective tissue surrounds cartilage. fibroblasts perichondireum differentiate into chondroblasts.

37
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage

A
  • supportive connective tissue
  • tough but fairly flexible
  • REDUCES FRICTION between bony surfaces.
38
Q

what is the function and classification of fibrous cartilage

A

function- resists compression. ABSORBS SHOCK prevents damaging bone to bone contact.
- heals slowly and poorly and damaged fibrous cartilage in joints interfere with movements

  • supportive connective tissue
39
Q

What is the function and classification of Elastic cartilage?

A
  • supportive connective tissue
  • contains elastic fibers resilient and flexible.
  • provides support. tolerates distortion without damage returns to original shape
40
Q

what is the function classification of bone

A
  • supportive connective tissue
    1 compact bone
    2 spongy/ cancellous bone
  • grow thicker and stronger with exercise
  • 1/3 matrix bone consists collagen fibers fairly flexible.
  • Matrix: gives strength and rigidity. allows bone to support and protect other tissues and organs.
  • hard connective tissue composed osteocytes and mineralized matrix
  • passage ways allow osteocytes communicate blood vessels with one another through canaliculi ( passage way since no diffusion
41
Q

what is the function and classification of compact bone?

A
  • supporting connective tissue
  • arranged concentric circle layers around central canal which contains blood vessel.
  • found periphery of bones
  • contains blood vessels trapped within matrix
42
Q

Function and classification of cancellous or spongy bone?

A
  • supporting connective tissue

- TRABECULAE of bone with spaces between. looks like sponge. found inside bones

43
Q

what is function classification of blood?

A
  • fluid connective tissue
    -matrix: plasma
    -liquids and lacks fibres.
    -formed elements, red cells, white cells, platelets
  • moves through vessels, both fluid and cells move in and out of vessels
    hemopoietin tissue:
  • forms blood cells
  • two types bone marrow- yellow and red
44
Q

what does muscle tissue do and what are the kinds?

A
  • contracts or shortens with force
  • moves entire body and pumps blood

3 categories
1 skeletal
2 cardiac
3smooth

45
Q

Function and classification of skeletal tissue?

A
  • muscle tissue
  • moves and stabilizes position skeleton
  • contains actin and myosin filaments
46
Q

Function classification Neural tissue?

A

two types: neurons and neuroglia

  • specialized for conduction electrical impulses from one region body to others
  • neurons or nerve cells ability produce action potentials

parts
cell body- contains nucleus
axon- conducts impulses. one per neutron
dendrite- cell process, receives impulses from other neutrons.

47
Q

how are epithelia cells classified?*

A

simple: diffusion gases, filtration blood secretion and absorption

stratified- protection against abrasion

pseudostratified- appears stratified, cells contact basement membrane so simple

squamous- diffusion or as filters

cuboidal and columnar- secretion and absorption

goblet cells- produce and secrete mucus

48
Q

what maintains integrity epithelium?*

A

desmosomes- contain adhesive glycoproteins

hemidesmosomes- half desmosome, attach epithelial cells to basement membrane

tight junctions: hold cells together: permeability

zonula adherens: weak glue, holds cell together

zonula occludens: permeability barrier, stomach and urinary bladder example

gap junctions: allows ions small molecules pass through

  • coordinate function cardiac and smooth muscle
  • help coordinate movement cilia in ciliated types of epithelium
49
Q

what are the functions of ct proper? fluid ct and supporting ct?

A

ct proper:many types cells extra cellular fibres. adipose ligaments and tendons examples.

Fluid CT: two kinds LYMPH and blood.

supporting CT: less populated than ct proper matrix contains closely packed fibers. two kinds supporting ct bone and cartilage

50
Q

explain what the matrix is ?

A
  • connective tissues never exposed to environment outside of body.
  • all cells have 1) specialized cells 2) extracellular protein fibers and 3)a fluid known as the ground substance
  • extracellular fibers and ground substance make up the matrix that surrounds the cells.
51
Q

What are the extracellular fibers that make up the ground matrix?

A
    • fibroblasts produce all 3 kinds fibers through synthesis and secretion protein stunts that combine or aggregate within matrix
      1) Collagen fiber: strongest and most common. flexible and strong. tendons and ligaments made mostly collagen fibers
      2) reticular fibers: fraework tough but flexible. abundant in organs. resist forces applied from many different directions
      3) elastic fibers: can stretch up to 150 percent of resting length recoil to regular dimension
52
Q

what are the molecules that make up the ground substance in a matrix?

A

most common are

  • hyaluronic acid: polysaccharide: good lubricant
  • proteoglycans: protein and polysaccharide. protein attaches to hyaluronic acid
  • adhesive molecules- hold proteoglycan aggregates together.

anatomy (19 decks)

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