Ch. 3: The Shaping Of The American Republic Flashcards
The importance of the Bible to the Saxons was evident as early as the reign of the Saxon king ? (848–899), who prefaced his edition of the English law code with the Ten Commandments
Alfred the Great
“Father of the Common Law.”
Henry de Bracton
In Bracton’s reasoning, we see the principle of the ? in triumph over the rule of man
rule of law
The second important commentator on English common law was ?. He wrote the Institutes of the Common Law
Sir Edward Coke
The third important commentator on the English common law was ?
Sir William Blackstone.
strengthened the common law in England when he created a system of royal courts to administer the law.
King Henry II
a man is judged guilty or not guilty by a group of his peers
trial by jury
where a man’s innocence was determined by his surviving some dangerous ritual
trial by ordeal
where a man fought his accuser in order to determine guilt or innocence
trial by combat
a council of wise men (nobility and clergy
Witan
By 1265, meetings of the Great Council were also being referred to as ?, from the French verb parler, which means “to speak.
Parliament
In that year, the English nobleman, ?, gained temporary control of the English government and called representatives of the shires (counties) and towns to sit together with the nobles and the clergymen of the Great Council
Simon de Montfort
a non-codified form of law based on long-accepted customs and traditions.
Common law
further developed representative government when he convened the ? in 1295, a modern form of Parliament consisting of elected representatives from each shire and town along with the nobility and the clergy of the Great Council
Edward I, Model Parliament
Parliament gradually divided into two houses: the ?, the upper house made up of the nobility and clergy, and the ?, the lower house made
House of Lords, House of Commons
When the hated ? tried to curtail the freedoms of the English people, the barons (nobles), in an effort to restore English law and custom, compelled John to submit to the ?, or Great Charter, on June 15, 1215.
King John, Magna Carta
When Charles I tried to ignore some of the freedoms that Englishmen had secured under the Magna Carta, the House of Commons forced him to assent in 1628 to the ?, which reaffirmed certain English liberties.
Petition of Right
The English monarchs’ power was strictly limited by the ?
English Bill of Rights of 1689
By 1752, eight of the colonies were ?, meaning that the colony was a part of the king’s domain and was directly under his control
royal
a document issued by the crown which established the relationship between the king and his subjects
charter
At Massachusetts Bay, the leaders of the colony drew up the ? in 1641.
Massachusetts Body of Liberties
a law above the law, universal principles of right and justice.
higher law
In New England, where farms were small and people lived close together, ? government was the main unit of local government
town
Through the ?, local citizens assembled periodically to become the chief lawmaking body for their town.
town meeting system
In the southern colonies, the local unit of government was the ?
county
the spiritual revival which swept the American colonies between 1730 and 1760.
Great Awakening
Through men like ? of New England and English evangelist ?, God brought revival to the American colonies, resulting in the conver-sion of thousands of souls
Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield
the first significant attempt at political unity among the colonies
the New England Confederation
At the conference, Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan for uniting the colonies, called the ?
Albany Plan
The accession of ? in 1760 brought a great change in political affairs both in England and in the colonies
George III
In spirit, the English Parliamentarians ? were the allies of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and George Washington
William Pitt and Edmund Burke
At this ?, the delegates concluded that, according to their charters, they were only under the authority of the king
Stamp Act Congress
In October 1765, the Stamp Act Congress issued a ? protesting the stamp tax and other British regulations which the colonists felt were illegal
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
The “?,” as they were called by the colonists, were seen as a threat to colonial liberty
Intolerable Acts
This ? pledged the loyalty of the colonists to the Crown but protested Parliamentary interference with American rights
First Continental Congress
All thirteen colonies were represented in the ?, which convened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775.
Second Continental Congress
, not only cut off all trade between the colonies and England but also officially removed the colonies from the “King’s Protection.
Prohibitory Act
On June 7, 1776, ? of Virginia presented to the Second Continental Congress a resolution for independence
Richard Henry Lee
, the chairman of the committee, was primarily responsible for the drafting of the document
Thomas Jefferson
On July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia, the ? was unanimously adopted by the Continental Congress
Declaration of Independence
