Ch. 3 Terms and Definitions

Question 1

Kinetic chains

Answer 1

the concept that joints and ligaments have an effect on one another during movement.

Question 2

Joint stability

Answer 2

the ability to maintain or control joint movement or position.

Question 3

Ligaments

Answer 3

a strong fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another

Question 4

Joint capsule

Answer 4

a ligamentous sac that surrounds the articular cavity of a freely movable joint.

Question 5

Pronation

Answer 5

internal rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna and the palm to face posteriorly (toward the back).

Question 6

Supination

Answer 6

external rotation of the forearm (radio ulnar joint) that causes the palm to face anteriorly (towards the front).

Question 7

Planes of motion

Answer 7

the conceptual planes in which the body moves, called the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes. Often used as a way to describe anatomical movement.

Question 8

Sagittal Plane

Answer 8

a longitudinal imaginary line that divides the body and its parts into left and right portions.

Question 9

Frontal plane

Answer 9

a longitudinal imaginary line that divides the body and its parts into anterior and posterior sections.

Question 10

Transverse Plane

Answer 10

anatomical term for the imaginary line that divides the body and its parts to superior and inferior sections. Also called the horizontal plane.

Question 11

Flexion

Answer 11

the act of moving a joint so that the two bones forming it are brought closer together.

Question 12

Extension

Answer 12

the act of straightening or extending a joint usually applied to the muscular movement of a limb.

Question 13

Plantar flexion

Answer 13

Distal movement of the plantar (bottom of foot) surface of the foot; opposite of dorsiflexion.

Question 14

Dorsiflexion

Answer 14

movement of the foot up toward the shin.

Question 15

Supine

Answer 15

Lying face up (on the back)

Question 16

Anterior

Answer 16

Anatomical term meaning towards the front, same as ventral

Question 17

Posterior

Answer 17

Anatomical term meaning towards the back, same as dorsal

Question 18

Abduction

Answer 18

movement away from the midline of the body.

Question 19

Adduction

Answer 19

movement toward the midline of the body.

Question 20

Eversion

Answer 20

Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar source outward; occurs in the frontal plane

Question 21

Inversion

Answer 21

Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface inward; occurs in the frontal plane.

Question 22

Superior

Answer 22

towards the head

Question 23

Inferior

Answer 23

away from the head

Question 24

Flexibility

Answer 24

the ability to move joints through their normal full motion

Question 25

Cardiorespiratory fitness

Answer 25

the ability to perform large muscle movement over a sustained period; related to the capacity of the heart lung system to deliver oxygen for sustained energy production. Also called cardiorespiratory endurance or aerobic fitness.

Question 26

Agonist

Answer 26

the muscle directly responsible for observed movement; also called the prime mover.

Question 27

Antagonist

Answer 27

the muscle that acts in opposition to the contraction produced by an agonist.

Question 28

Carbohydrates

Answer 28

the body’s preferred energy source. Dietary sources include sugars (simple) and grains, rice, potatoes, and beans (complex) Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver and are transported in the blood as sugar.

Question 29

Proteins

Answer 29

a compound composed of a combination of 20 amino acids that is the major structural component of all body tissue.

Question 30

Glucose

Answer 30

A simple sugar; the form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body’s principal energy source.

Question 31

Triglycerides

Answer 31

three fatty acids joined to a glycerol (carbon and hydrogen structure) backbone.; how fat is stored in the body.

Question 32

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 32

a high energy phosphate molecule required to produce energy for cellular function. Powered both aerobically and anaerobically and stored in the body.

Question 33

Creatine Phosphate (CP)

Answer 33

a storage form of high-energy phosphate in muscle cells that can be used to immediately resynthesize adenosine triphosphate.

Question 34

Creatine Phosphate System

Answer 34

the energy pathway that consists of adenosine triphosphate, and phosphocreatine (PCr); provides immediate energy (between 10-15 seconds) through the breakdown of the stored high energy phosphates.

Question 35

Phosphagen System

Answer 35

a system of transfer of chemical energy from the breakdown of creatine phosphate to regenerate adenosine triphosphate.

Question 36

Glycolytic anaerobic system

Answer 36

the energy pathway that uses glycogen to produce power, but not quite as much or as quickly as the creatine phosphate system.

Question 37

Aerobic system

Answer 37

the energy pathway that uses oxygen, fats, carbohydrates and sometimes proteins for resynthesizing adenosine triphosphate for prolonged energy use.

Question 38

First ventilatory threshold (VT1)

Answer 38

intensity of aerobic exercise at which ventilation starts to increase in a non-linear fashion in response to an accumulation of metabolic by-products in the blood.

Question 39

Second ventilatory threshold (VT2)

Answer 39

a metabolic marker that represents the point at which high intensity exercise can no longer be sustained due to an accumulation of lactate.

Question 40

Talk test

Answer 40

a method for measuring exercise intensity using observation of respiration effort and the ability to talk while exercising.

Question 41

Muscular endurance

Answer 41

the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a resistance over a sustained period of time.

Question 42

Rapport

Answer 42

a relationship marked by mutual understanding and trust

Question 43

Anaerobic

Answer 43

without the presence of oxygen

Question 44

Motivation

Answer 44

the psychological drive that gives purpose and direction to behavior

Question 45

Hyperflexion

Answer 45

flexion of an articulation (joint) beyond anatomical position

Question 46

Hyperextension

Answer 46

extension of an articulation (joint) beyond anatomical position

Question 47

Lordosis

Answer 47

Excessive anterior curvature of the spine that typically occurs at the low back (may also occur at the neck).

Question 48

Scoliosis

Answer 48

excessive lateral curvature of the spine