Ch. 3 Terms and Definitions Flashcards
Kinetic chains
the concept that joints and ligaments have an effect on one another during movement.
Joint stability
the ability to maintain or control joint movement or position.
Ligaments
a strong fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another
Joint capsule
a ligamentous sac that surrounds the articular cavity of a freely movable joint.
Pronation
internal rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna and the palm to face posteriorly (toward the back).
Supination
external rotation of the forearm (radio ulnar joint) that causes the palm to face anteriorly (towards the front).
Planes of motion
the conceptual planes in which the body moves, called the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes. Often used as a way to describe anatomical movement.
Sagittal Plane
a longitudinal imaginary line that divides the body and its parts into left and right portions.
Frontal plane
a longitudinal imaginary line that divides the body and its parts into anterior and posterior sections.
Transverse Plane
anatomical term for the imaginary line that divides the body and its parts to superior and inferior sections. Also called the horizontal plane.
Flexion
the act of moving a joint so that the two bones forming it are brought closer together.
Extension
the act of straightening or extending a joint usually applied to the muscular movement of a limb.
Plantar flexion
Distal movement of the plantar (bottom of foot) surface of the foot; opposite of dorsiflexion.
Dorsiflexion
movement of the foot up toward the shin.
Supine
Lying face up (on the back)
Anterior
Anatomical term meaning towards the front, same as ventral
Posterior
Anatomical term meaning towards the back, same as dorsal
Abduction
movement away from the midline of the body.
Adduction
movement toward the midline of the body.
Eversion
Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar source outward; occurs in the frontal plane
Inversion
Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface inward; occurs in the frontal plane.
Superior
towards the head
Inferior
away from the head
Flexibility
the ability to move joints through their normal full motion
Cardiorespiratory fitness
the ability to perform large muscle movement over a sustained period; related to the capacity of the heart lung system to deliver oxygen for sustained energy production. Also called cardiorespiratory endurance or aerobic fitness.
Agonist
the muscle directly responsible for observed movement; also called the prime mover.
Antagonist
the muscle that acts in opposition to the contraction produced by an agonist.
Carbohydrates
the body’s preferred energy source. Dietary sources include sugars (simple) and grains, rice, potatoes, and beans (complex) Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver and are transported in the blood as sugar.
Proteins
a compound composed of a combination of 20 amino acids that is the major structural component of all body tissue.
Glucose
A simple sugar; the form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body’s principal energy source.
Triglycerides
three fatty acids joined to a glycerol (carbon and hydrogen structure) backbone.; how fat is stored in the body.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
a high energy phosphate molecule required to produce energy for cellular function. Powered both aerobically and anaerobically and stored in the body.
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
a storage form of high-energy phosphate in muscle cells that can be used to immediately resynthesize adenosine triphosphate.
Creatine Phosphate System
the energy pathway that consists of adenosine triphosphate, and phosphocreatine (PCr); provides immediate energy (between 10-15 seconds) through the breakdown of the stored high energy phosphates.
Phosphagen System
a system of transfer of chemical energy from the breakdown of creatine phosphate to regenerate adenosine triphosphate.
Glycolytic anaerobic system
the energy pathway that uses glycogen to produce power, but not quite as much or as quickly as the creatine phosphate system.
Aerobic system
the energy pathway that uses oxygen, fats, carbohydrates and sometimes proteins for resynthesizing adenosine triphosphate for prolonged energy use.
First ventilatory threshold (VT1)
intensity of aerobic exercise at which ventilation starts to increase in a non-linear fashion in response to an accumulation of metabolic by-products in the blood.
Second ventilatory threshold (VT2)
a metabolic marker that represents the point at which high intensity exercise can no longer be sustained due to an accumulation of lactate.
Talk test
a method for measuring exercise intensity using observation of respiration effort and the ability to talk while exercising.
Muscular endurance
the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a resistance over a sustained period of time.
Rapport
a relationship marked by mutual understanding and trust
Anaerobic
without the presence of oxygen
Motivation
the psychological drive that gives purpose and direction to behavior
Hyperflexion
flexion of an articulation (joint) beyond anatomical position
Hyperextension
extension of an articulation (joint) beyond anatomical position
Lordosis
Excessive anterior curvature of the spine that typically occurs at the low back (may also occur at the neck).
Scoliosis
excessive lateral curvature of the spine
