Ch 3: Social Cogniton; Understanding Ourselves & Others

Question 0

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 0

When an initially inaccurate expectation leads to actions that cause the expectation to come true

Question 1

Social Cognition

Answer 1

The process of thinking and making sense of oneself and others

Question 2

Dispositional Inference

Answer 2

The judgment that a person’s behavior has been caused by an aspect of that person’s personality

Question 3

Correspondence Bias (Fundamental Attribution Error)

Answer 3

The tendency for observers to overestimate the causal influence of personality factors in behavior & to underestimate the causal role of situational influences

Question 4

Cognitive Heuristic

Answer 4

A mental shortcut used to make a judgement

Question 5

Representative Heuristic

Answer 5

A mental shortcut people use to classify something as belonging to a certain category to the extent that it is similar to a typical case from that category

Question 6

Availability Heuristic

Answer 6

A mental shortcut people use to estimate the likelihood of an event by the ease with which instances of that event come to mind

Question 7

False Consensus Effect

Answer 7

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree with us

Question 8

Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic

Answer 8

A mental shortcut through which people begin with a rough estimation as a starting point & then adjust this estimate to take in2 account unique characteristics of the present situation

Question 9

Downward Social Comparison

Answer 9

Process of comparing ourselves with those who are less off

Question 10

Upward Social Comparison

Answer 10

Process of comparing ourselves with those that are better off

Question 11

Self-serving Bias

Answer 11

The tendency to take personal credit for our successes & to blame external factors for our failures

Question 12

Attribution Theories

Answer 12

Theories designed to explain how people determine the causes of behavior

Question 13

Correspondent Inference Theory

Answer 13

The theory that proposes that people determine whether a behavior corresponds to an internal disposition by asking the actor if (1) the behavior was intended (2) the behavior’s consequences were foreseeable, (3) the behavior was freely chosen, (4) the behavior occurred despite countervailing forces

Question 14

Covariation Model

Answer 14

The theory that purposes that people determine the cause of an actor’s behavior by assessing whether other people act in similar ways (consensus),
The actor behaves similarly in similar situations (distinctiveness), & the actor behaves similarity across time in the same situation (consistency)

Question 15

Discounting Principle

Answer 15

The judgmental rule that states that as the number of possible causes increase, our confidence that any particular cause is the true one should decrease

Question 16

Augmenting Principle

Answer 16

The judgmental rule that rates that if an event occurs despite the presence of strong opposing forces, we should give more weight to those possible causes fog that lead to the event