CH 3 RELATIONAL INFLUENCES Flashcards
what is socialisation?
the process whereby we acquire the beliefs, values and behaviours that are thought to be important and appropriate to function effectively as a member of society
what are the factors of socialisation?
families, schools mass media, religious institutions, clubs
what can be observed from socialisation within families?
- parents influence their children
- children influence how their parents react to them and raise them
E.G. a child’s temperament [easy/difficult] can influence how their parents respond to them
what is attachment?
the formation of a close emotional tie between a mother [caretaker] and her baby. It claimed that there is a sensitive period during which such bonding can occur and that failure to establish attachment can lead to harmful effects in later life, such as poor social and emotional development.It is considered by many researchers to be of major importance in a child’s socialisation
talk about the work of Harry Harlow
- 1950s
- Investigate whether attachment is formed by a carer providing food or tactile comfort
- Studied nursing attachment from 8 seperate monkeys who had been taken from their mothers at birth
8 MONKEYS
2 groups, both groups has both a ‘cloth mum’ and a ‘wire mum’
Cloth mum had the food in one group
Wire mum had the food in other group
FINDINGS: Both groups of monkeys were spending time with the cloth mum
Found that contact comfort was more important in forming bond between mum and baby than food
Hypothesis disproved [thought the food mums would get more attention]
How did he test all of this????
Introduced stressful things e.g. mechanical spider
Monkeys would always go to mum with cloth when stressed
Generalised that if this is the case for monkeys, it must be the case for humans
Some monkeys suffered consequences mentioned in bowlby’s internal working model
attachment in humans
For a long time socialisation in the family was seen as being a one-way process with parents shaping the children’s character and behaviour but these days researchers recognise families are complex social systems and see socialisation as involving network of influences
talk about the work of John Bowlby
The bond between two individuals and how an infant is imprinted on
- Mothering is ineffective if delayed after 12 months
- Maternal deprivation: separation or loss of attachment
- If they don’t develop a bond = privation [bond never existed]
Can have serious consequences long term [very bad]
E.g. delinquency, increased depression, inability to express concern or emotion to others, reduced intelligence, aggression, trust issues, low self esteem, trouble communicating/relating
According to Bowlby, the primary caregiver acts as a prototype for future relationships via the internal working model
internal working model [3 features]:
1 model of others as being trustworthy
2 a model of the self as valuable
3 a model of the self as being effective when interacting with others
Theory supported by Harlow
talk about the work of Mary Ainsworth
Type of attachment formed depends on how sensitive and responsive the mother is towards baby’s needs
Seeking attachment is innate [not learned]
the strange situation ***
Places child under test Assesses quality of child attachment In unfamiliar setting Mum leaves room and returns Stranger enters room, sits in chair, reads magazine, attempts to interact with child
Type A: baby not upset when mother leaves, insecure, ignores mother when returns
Type B: baby may or may not cry when mother leaves room, when mother returns, wants to be with her
Type C: upset when mother leaves, remains upset or angry when mother returns, resists their mother by clinging to her but also pushing and kicking away
consequences of attachment
many psychologists believe attachment lays the foundation for all the infants later social relationships.
research has found that
how does conflict occur?
occurs when two parties have incompatible goals, idea or behaviour, or when an individual’s needs are not being met
name and explain the 3 types of solutions to resolving conflict
IMPOSED
- stronger party or third party will dominate and force/impose a solution
- usually ends with one party winning, and the other being dissatisfied
DISTRIBUTIVE
- involves compromise or mutual concessions
- both parties lose and win
- e.g. sharing remote, taking it in turns
INTEGRATIVE
- win-win solutions where both parties are satisfied by the outcome
name and explain the 3 TECHNIQUES for resolving conflict
MEDIATION
- a third party is brought in to help resolve the conflict
- e.g. arbitration is a form of meditation in which the third party has the right to hand down a decision after listening to both parties present their arguments
NEGOTIATION
- where opposing parties try to reach a mutual agreement
COUNSELLING
- a third party is brought in to guide the two parties and help them come to their own resolution
