CH. 3 Phonology Key Vocabulary Flashcards
Spectrogram
a visual representation of a sound’s frequency, amplitude, and time, which can be used to analyze the acoustic properties of speech
Sound Waves
vibrations that transmit sound through matter, such as air or water
Hearing Impression
how people form social impressions of speakers based on the sound of their voice, or how people use linguistic strategies to manage impressions
Speech Sounds
the individual sounds that make up words in a language
Phoneme
the smallest unit of sound in a language that helps distinguish one word from another
Phone
a distinct speech sound or gesture that is analyzed as a unit of phonetics
Larynx
a vital organ in the human body that plays a key role in speech production
Allophones of the phoneme
different sounds that are variants of a phoneme, or a category of sounds that are pronounced similarly
Narrow Transcription
a method of transcribing speech that records many phonetic details, including subtle distinctions between sounds
Orthography
the system of writing a language, or how a language is visually represented
Distribution
the range of contexts in which a linguistic unit, such as a word or phoneme, appears
Complementary Distribution
describes the relationship between two elements of the same kind that are found in different environments
Syntactic
the branch of linguistics that studies the structure of sentences, focusing on how words are combined to form phrases and clauses
Morphological
the study of the internal structure of words and how their parts combine to change their meaning
Minimal pairs
words that differ by only one sound, or phoneme, and have different meanings
Air pressure
provides the energy for vocal folds to vibrate and creates acoustic signals that we perceive as sound
Unreleased
a stop consonant that doesn’t have an audible release burst
Free Variation
when two or more sounds or forms appear in the same environment without changing the meaning of a word or being considered incorrect
Phonemic analysis
a method of analyzing a spoken language to identify its phonemes, allophones, and their distribution
Word-final position
An unstressed syllable in prosodic word-final position is arguably prosodically weaker than an unstressed syllable anywhere else in the prosodic word
Final devoicing
a phonological process that happens when a voiced consonant at the end of a syllable is replaced by a voiceless consonant
Velarised
a secondary articulation of consonants that occurs when the tongue is raised toward the soft palate, or velum, during pronunciation
Aspirated
a phonological process that involves a puff of air being released when a consonant is pronounced
Flapping
a phonological process where the /t/ or /d/ sounds are pronounced as a quick, soft sound between two vowels
