Ch. 3 - Introduction To The Human Movement System

Question 1

The human movement system is made up of three components

Answer 1

(Kinetic chain) is made up of three interconnected components to produce movement in the body

1. Nervous
2. Muscular
3. Skeletal

These systems work together and use support mechanisms like cardiorespiratory, digestive, and endocrine systems to function

Question 2

Nervous system

Answer 2

A conglomeration of billions of cells to provide a communication network within the human body
—tells the musculoskeletal system when and. How to move
—collects all sensory information and sends a movement response for a specific outcome

Central system
—the communication center of the body
—functions as the software for human movement system (like a computer) - tells muscular and skeletal system (the hardware) when to move, how quickly, etc.

Question 3

The nervous system is divided into two parts

Answer 3

1. CNS - Central Nervous System
   —division comprising of the brain and spinal cord
   —primary function is to coordinate activity of all parts of the body
2. PNS - Peripheral Nervous System
   —extension of CNS
   —all of the nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to the rest of the body
   —are ~100Bn specialized nervous cells called neurons
   —neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system
   —neuron is made up of 3 parts
   —cell body, axon, dendrites

As a move is repeated, the nervous system is conditioned to send better, faster signals to the muscles until the movement is mastered

Question 4

Muscular system

Answer 4

It receives messaging from the brain to shorten or lengthen, creating movement to the skeletal system

Question 5

Myofibrils

Answer 5

Muscles are made up of muscle fibers with smaller tubes held within called myofibrils
—tubular component of muscle cells containing sarcomeres and protein filaments

I took a photo of it

Have the bone and then the muscle belly which is connected by a tendon
—then within muscle belly have a lot

Question 6

Sarcomere

Answer 6

Inside the myofibrils are long chains of individual contractile units
—-made up of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments

Question 7

Muscle fiber type 1

Answer 7

Type 1: Slow-twitch
—more capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin
—increased oxygen delivery
—smaller in size
—less force produced
—slow to fatigue
—long-term contractions (Stabilization)

Question 8

Muscle fiber type 2

Answer 8

Type II: fast-twitch
—fewer capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin
—decreased oxygen delivery
—larger in size
—more force produced
—quick to fatigue
—short-term contractions (force and power)

Question 9

3 types of muscle movement patterns - classification

Answer 9

1. Agonists
2. Antagonists
3. Synergists

Question 10

Agonist

Answer 10

Muscle that works as the prime mover of a joint exercise
—produce the most force for an action
—common ex. The gluteus Maximus during a squat or pectoralis major at the shoulder during a push-up

Ex. Chest press - pectoralis major

Row - latissimus dorsi

Squat - gluteus Maximus, quadriceps

Question 11

Synergists

Answer 11

Muscles that assist the prime mover in a joint action
—ex. Piriformis, a small deep gluteal muscle, is a Synergist at the hip during a squat

Ex. Chest press - anterior deltoid, triceps

Row - posterior deltoid, biceps

Squat - hamstring complex

Question 12

Antagonist

Answer 12

Muscles that oppose the prime mover
—ex. In a biceps curl, the triceps brachial is the antagonist bc it opposes elbow flexion - lengthening to allow elbow flexion

Ex. Chest press - posterior deltoid

Row - pectoralis major

Squat - psoas

Question 13

A muscle has 4 behavioral properties that help facilitate movement

Answer 13

1. Extensibility - the ability to be stretched or lengthened
2. Elasticity - the ability to return to normal or resting length after being stretched
3. Irritability - the ability to respond to internal or external stimuli
4. Ability to develop tension: the ability to remain the same length, increase length, or decrease length during tension

Question 14

Skeletal system

Answer 14

Bones and joints make up the system
—the junction where two or more bones join to create motion is called a joint

Question 15

Ligament

Answer 15

Strong, connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Where TENDONS are the connective tissues attaching MUSCLE to bone at the insertion point

Note ligaments and tendons have a low blood supply - so this is one reason it can take up to 6 weeks for recovery from injuries to these connective tissues

Question 16

The skeletal system serves 5 major roles int he body

Answer 16

1. Movement - bones are levers and joints are pivot points where movement occurs
2. Support - bones provide the framework
3. Protection - bones encase vital organs and protect them
4. Blood production - blood cells are formed in the bone marrow
5. Mineral storage - minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, are stored in bones

Question 17

The two divisions of the skeletal system are

Answer 17

1. Axial skeleton
   —portion consisting of the bones of the skull, rib cage and vertebral column
   —creates the protective structure
   —can be further broken down to its individual segments: skull, hyoid bone, sternum and ribs, spinal column
2. Appendicular skeleton
   —includes the bones that support the upper and lower extremities

Question 18

Bones of the spinal column are divided into 5 major categories

Answer 18

Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

Sacrum

Coccyx

Question 19

Appendicular skeleton is broken into upper and lower extremities

Answer 19

Upper extremity
—clavicle
—scapula
—humerus
—radius
—ulna
—carpals
—metacarpals
—phalanges

Lower extremity
—innominate
—femur
—patella
—tibia
—fibula
—tarsals
—metatarsals
—phalanges

Question 20

Joints

Answer 20

Formed where one bone articulates with another bone
—categories by structure and their function

The three main types of joints are (there are others)
1. Synovial
2. Non-synovial
3. Cartilaginous

Question 21

Synovial joints

Answer 21

Joints held together by a fluid-based capsule and ligaments
—the type of joint most associated with MOVEMENT int he body
—comprise ~80% of all joints in the body
—produces synovial fluid - has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue

Ex. Knee
—the vast majority of joints at each of the kinetic chain checkpoints (and vertebrae in the spine) are synovial

Question 22

Non-synovial joints

Answer 22

No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue
—little or no movement

Ex. Sutures of the skull, distal joint of the tibia and fibula, symphysis pubis

Question 23

Gliding joints

Answer 23

No axis of rotation - moves by sliding side-to-side or back and forth

Ex. Carpals of the hand

Question 24

Condyloid joints

Answer 24

Formed by the fitted of condyles of one bone into elliptal cavities of another
—moves predominantly in one plane

Ex. Knee

Question 25

Hinge joints

Answer 25

Uniaxial - moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal)

Ex. Elbow

Question 26

Saddle joints

Answer 26

One bone fits like a saddle on another bone - moves predominantly in two planes (Sagittal, joint of thumb frontal)

Ex. Only carpometacarpal

Question 27

Pivot joint

Answer 27

Only one axis - moves predominantly in one plane of motion (Transverse)

Ex. Radioulnar

Question 28

Ball-and-socket joint

Answer 28

Most mobile joints - moves in all three planes of motion

Ex. Shoulder

Question 29

Exercise and its effect on bone mass

Answer 29

Like muscle, bone is living tissue that responds to exercise by becoming stronger
—indiv. Who exercise regularly usually achieve greater bone density and strength
—exercise is crucial in maintaining muscle strength, coordination, and balance - to prevent falls and related fractures

Question 30

Human Movement System uses the attributes of three systems

Answer 30

The skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems
—nervous system acts on the muscular system to contract
—muscular system acts on the skeletal system to create forces for movement
—skeletal system acts on body’s structure as a protective case

Question 31

Force-couple relationship

Answer 31

Muscles moving together to produce movement around a joint

Question 32

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 32

Simultaneous contraction of one muscle and the relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement to take place

Question 33

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Answer 33

Process by which an overactive muscle decreases neural drive to its functional antagonist

Question 34

Kinetic chain video notes

Answer 34

—it is inevitable that when you move one limb, others move

—there is a strong relationship btwn the length of a muscle and the amount of tension that muscle can produce (called the length-tension relationship)
—there is an optimal length for any muscle at which it can produce its highest level of force

Force-couple relationships
—the action of multiple muscles working together to produce a particular movement is force-couple relationship
—ex. Squat to jump, bending your knee
—force couple relationships can become altered with deconditioned muscles or bad posture - can dramatically change how well kinetic chain functions

Reciprocal Inhibition
—occurs when muscles on one side of the joint relax to allow the muscles on the other side to contract
—ex. Elongating knee - (hamstrings relax and quads contract)
—or bicep curl (biceps contract and triceps relax - then opposite when elongate

Altered reciprocal inhibition - when a muscle remains in a chronically overactive state, which causes its antagonist to constantly be relaxed (can cause other problems)

These relationships are very important - bc impact health of kinetic chain and movement quality

Question 35

4 factors that are critical to quality of kinetic chain / human movement

Answer 35

1. Optimal flexibility
2. Strength
3. Technique
4. Posture

Question 36

Posture

Answer 36

The alignment of all parts of the kinetic chain with the purpose of countering external forces and maintaining an efficient structure
—if any part is functioning improperly, movement is affected
—ex. Someone who walks with externally rotated feet is affecting the entire kinetic chain in body

Dysfunctional muscles (changes in length and tension of muscles) can disrupt the communication btwn the nervous system and muscles
—one reason why it is sooo important instructors pay attention to and correct form

Question 37

Dysfunctional muscles

Answer 37

Overactive muscle
—overly tense or tight during movement

Underactive muscle
—weak and not being recruited as it should

Ideal posture and movement relies on flexibility

Question 38

Kinetic chain

Answer 38

Human movement system - called the kinetic chain
—when you move one bone it creates an effect on your other bones, activates muscles, is connected to nervous system
—linked movements

Question 39

Proprioception

Answer 39

The awareness of body position and limb movements
—mechanoreceptors - tell our brain what our body position is
—stimulated by touch, pressure, stretch and motion - connects to our brain to tell other parts of our body to move
—without it we wouldn’t be able to touch nose when eyes are closed

All mechanoreceptors are also called proprioceptors — classified by location
—they work constantly throughout the day

Question 40

Muscle makeup

Answer 40

Muscles receive signals from the brain to shorten or length muscles…resulting in skeletal movement

Muscles made up of individual muscle fibers called MYOFIBRILS
—myofibrils are made up of long chains called sarcomeres
—each sarcomere contains long proteins called filaments that slide past each other to produce muscular contractions

Question 41

There are two major types of muscle fibers

Answer 41

Type I
—slow-twitch fibers - slower to reach maximum contraction
—large numbers of capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin in these fibers give them greater ability to obtain and use oxygen
—therefore they are considered highly aerobic and more resistant to fatigue
—ex. Distance running, cross country skiing, dancing - activities that recruit and build type I muscle fibers
—these are smaller in size - less force produced
—long-term contractions

Type II
—fast-twitch fibers
—contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin - less oxygen delivered
—considered more anaerobic and more susceptible to muscle enlargement
—produce more speed and strength than type I
—but burst of energy is short lived
—HIIT training, sprinting and plyometric training are examples of exercises that recruit type II muscle fibers
—larger in size
—more force produced

Question 42

Skeletal from video

Answer 42

206 bones in adult human system
—divided into two systems

Axial skeleton
—80 bones
—skull, hyoid bone, sternum
—12 pairs of ribs
—spinal column - 24 bones (called vertebrae)
—sacrum
—coccyx (or tailbone)
—supports head, neck, back and chest of body - allows us to move these body regions

Appendicular skeleton
—126 bones
—all bones of upper and lower limbs

Question 43

Joints are

Answer 43

The junction where two or more bones connect

Three main types of joint movement
1. Roll
2. Slide
3. Spin

Question 44

Synovial and non-synovial joints

Answer 44

Synovial joints
—held together by fluid based synovial capsule and ligament
—comprise 80% of all the joints and have the greatest capacity for motion

Non-synovial joints
—no joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue
—create little or no movement
—ex. Sutures of the skull

Question 45

Exercise helps bones

Answer 45

Get stronger!! Exercise builds greater bone density

Question 46

As movements are repeated

Answer 46

The nervous system is conditioned to send better, faster signals to the muscles until the movement is mastered

Question 47

Ligaments connect
Tendons connect

Answer 47

Ligaments are connective tissues connecting bone to bone

Tendons connect muscle to bone at the insertion point

Ligaments and tendons have a low blood supply - this is one reason it can take up to 6 weeks for recovery from injuries to these connective tissues

Question 48

Three systems moving together - simply - kinetic chain

Answer 48

The nervous system act as on the muscular system to contract
—muscular system acts on the skeletal system to create forces for movement
—the skeletal system acts as the body’s structure and a protective case

Question 49

Kinetic chain dysfunction

Answer 49

Because structures of the body are interconnected - if a particular component becomes dysfunctional, it can result in a chain reaction that may cause problems in other parts of the Human Movement system
—ex. If a person walks with externally rotated feet, segments throughout the entire kinetic chain may be affected

Question 50

Posture

Answer 50

An alignment of all parts of the kinetic chain with the purpose of countering external forces and maintaining an efficient structure
—ideal posture and movement relies on flexibility - when flexibility is limited, faulty movement patterns are reinforced while working out
—must cue a participant on correct technique to help participant’s awareness of body position

Question 51

What causes dysfunctional muscles

Answer 51

An instructor must constantly monitor class participants to ensure they are performing exercises with correct form
—dysfunctional muscles can disrupt the communication btwn the nervous system and muscles - this changes the length and tension of muscles and creates patterns of dysfunction — can lead to pain and injury

Question 52

Overactive and underactive muscles

Answer 52

Overactive - overly tense or tight during movement
Underactive - muscle is weak and not being recruited as it should

Both terms refer to dysfunctional muscles

Question 53

Common overactive and underactive muscles of the foot and ankle

Answer 53

Most commonly problematic due to feet externally rotating or flattening during walking or squatting

Common overactive muscles
—soleus
—lateral gastrocnemius
—peroneus longus and brevis (peroneals) — outside of shin

Common underactive muscles
—medial gastrocnemius
—anterior tibialis (looks like where shin splints happen)
—posterior tibialis

Question 54

Common overactive and underactive muscles of the knee

Answer 54

Several muscles cross the knee and have attachments at both the thigh and lower leg bones
—when there is dysfunction - can be seen when the knees cave inward or move outward during movement

Common overactive muscles
—biceps femur is (short head) — looks like next to or part of quads
—tensor fascia latae (TFL) — looks like next to IT band

Common underactive muscles
—vastus medialis oblique (VMO) — Looks like inner thigh muscle

Question 55

Common overactive and underactive muscles of the LPHC

Answer 55

LPHC - Lumbo-pelvic-hip complex - is susceptible to imbalance due to the number of muscles that cross the hip
—many individuals are in a constant state of hip flexion (from sitting), so stretching these muscles can improve movement
—muscular dysfunction in this area can be seen if a participant’s low back arches or rounds during exercise
—always include hip flexor stretches to counteract dysfunctional patterns from sitting at a desk all day

Common overactive muscles
—hip flexors (TFL, quads, psoas)
—adductors
—abdominals

Common underactive muscles
—gluteus Maximus
—gluteus medius
—hamstrings
—intrinsic core stabilizers

Question 56

Common overactive and underactive muscles of the shoulder

Answer 56

Several muscles affect the stability of the shoulder
—when dysfunctional, muscles of shoulder can contribute to shoulders moving forward, scapulae winging out, or low back arching during overhead movements (due to tightness in the latissimus dorsi)

Common overactive muscles
—latissimus dorsi (lats)
—pectoralis major / minor

Common underactive muscles
—middle and lower trapezius
—rhomboids
—rotator cuff

Question 57

Common overactive and underactive muscles of the head and neck

Answer 57

A slouched sitting posture elevates the shoulders and forces the head to protrude forward

Common overactive muscles of cervical spine
—upper trapezius (large muscle back of neck
—sternocleidomastoid
—levator scapulae

Common underactive muscles
—deep cervical flexors

Question 58

Depression and posture

Answer 58

Several studies have shown that sadness and depression have a negative influence on posture — movement is an important tool in improving a person’s emotional state
—positive effects of exercise on mood are often immediately apparent in a person’s posture

Question 59

Contributors of kinetic chain dysfunction

Answer 59

Two major causes - repetitive movement and frequent lack of movement
—or injury and medical issues (but are outside instructor’s scope of practice)

1. Repetitive movement
   —can alter kinetic chain
   —ex. Repetitive jumping movements in a class can lead to premature fatigue or injury to the foot and lower leg muscles - will lead to overactive muscles that create imbalances
   —the key to avoiding pattern overload is to implement workouts that incorporate a variety of movement and provide equal training time for each muscle group
   —other ex. Wearing high-heeled shoes, carrying overloaded backpacks, carrying bags or children, talking on phone and holding it to same ear each time
   —occupation, recreation, hobbies, other - impact posture
2. Repetitive lack of motion
   —wake up every day and spend the entire day sitting
   —inc. risk of injury when engaging in more physical activities

Question 60

Cardiorespiratory system

Answer 60

A combination of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system
—these systems work together to provide the body with adequate oxygen and nutrients and to remove waste products such as carbon dioxide from the cells of the body

Cardiovascular system - closed system that circulates blood through a network of blood vessels via the rhythmic pumping action of the hear
—heard, blood vessels, blood

Respiratory system
—system of the body composed of the lungs and respiratory passages that collect oxygen from the external environment and transport it to the bloodstream
—trachea, bronchi, alveoli

Question 61

The heart

Answer 61

Interior of the heart is divided into four chambers (top, bottom, left and right
—right side of the heart receives blood from the body and sends it to the lungs
—left side of the heart receives blood from the lungs and sends it back out into the body
—top chambers that receive blood from veins are known as atria (left and right atrium)
—the atria pump blood down into the same-side ventricles, which are larger chambers and are considered the “pumping chambers” of the heart, pumping into arteries

Question 62

Chambers of the heart

Answer 62

Are separated by four major valves
—two atrioventricular (AV) valves
—two Semilunar (SL) valves
—that prevent blockage, backflow, or spillage of blood back into the other chambers of the heart

Question 63

Steps outline the path of blood through the heart

Answer 63

1. The inferior and superior vena cava collect blood from the body and send it to the right atrium
2. The right atrium pumps blood through the right AV (tricuspid) valve to the right ventricle
3. The right ventricle pumps out of the heart through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary artery, to the lungs
4. The lungs receive blood from the pulmonary artery and return to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
5. The left atrium pumps blood through the left AV (mitral) valve to the left ventricle
6. The left ventricle pumps blood past the aortic valve into the aorta
7. The aorta is the artery that transports blood toward the systemic circulation

Question 64

Veins

Answer 64

Vessels that transport blood from the extremities back to the heart

Question 65

Atria

Answer 65

Superior chambers of the heart (singular: atrium) that receive blood from outside the heart and deliver it into their corresponding ventricle

Question 66

Ventricles

Answer 66

Inferior chambers of the heart that receive blood from their corresponding atrium and, in turn, force blood out of the heart into the arteries

Question 67

Arteries

Answer 67

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart

Question 68

AV and SL valves

Answer 68

Atrioventricular valves
—allow for proper blood from from the atria to the ventricles

Semilunar valves
—allow for proper blood flow away from the heart to the lungs and body

Question 69

Cardiac muscle contraction

Answer 69

Cardiac muscle is involuntary, bc the heart has its own electrical conduction system

The signal to contract is first received at the SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE - also called the “pacemaker” of the heart”
—then the SA node sends a delay signal to the ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE to offset the contraction timing, thus creating a two-pulse heartbeat

Question 70

Cardiac output
—HR
—SV
—Q

Answer 70

Heart rate (HR) - the avg. # of times the heart beats per minute
—the average heart rate is 70-80 beats per min. (Bpm)

Stroke volume (SV) - the amt. of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
—the SV multiplied by the HR, or the total volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute, is called the CARDIAC OUTPUT (Q)

SV * HR = Q

Q = a measure of the overall performance of the heart

Monitoring heart rate during exercise indicates the amount of work the heart is doing at any given time

Question 71

How to manually monitor heart rate

Answer 71

1. Place index and middle fingers around the palm side of the wrist (about one inch from the top of the wrist, on the thumb side) — the radial artery
   —although some people use the carotid artery in the neck, AFAA does not recommend this location for measuring pulse rate
   —pressure on this artery reduces blood flow to the brain, which can cause dizziness or an inaccurate measurement
2. Locate the artery by feeling for a pulse with the index and middle fingers - apply light pressure to feel the pulse
3. When measuring the pulse during rest, count the number of beats for 60 second
   —some factors may affect resting hear rate - incl. digestion, mental activity, env. Temp., biological rhythms, body position, cardiorespiratory fitness
   —bc of this, resting heart rate should be measured on waking (or after you have had at least 5 min. Of complete rest)
4. When measuring pulse during exercise, count the number of beats in 6 seconds and add a zero to that number
   —adding 0 will provide an estimate of the number of beats in 60 seconds — or multiple the number by 10
   —ex. Number of beats in 6 seconds -= 17 — adding a zero = 170 — gives pulse rate of 70bpm

Or do for 10 seconds and multiply by 6

Question 72

SINOATRIAL (SA) node and Atrioventricular (AV) node

Answer 72

SINOATRIAL (SA) node
—specialized area of cardiac tissue in the right atrium of the heart that indicates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate

Atrioventricular (AV) node
—small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located on the wall of the right atrium of the heart that receives impulses from the SA node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles

Question 73

Blood

Answer 73

Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the body via blood to help regulate body temperature, fight infections, and remove waste products

Blood has three main functions: transportation, regulation and protection

Question 74

Three main functions of blood

Answer 74

1. Transportation
   —transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues
   —transports waste products from tissues
   —transports hormones to organs and tissues
   —carries heat throughout the body
2. Regulation
   —regulates body temp. And acid-base balance in the body
3. Protection
   —protects the body from excessive bleeding by clotting
   —contains specialized immune cells to help fight disease and sickness

Question 75

Respiratory system

Answer 75

Moves oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of the lungs
—the lungs pull oxygen into the bloodstream and push co2 from the bloodstream
—breathing, or ventilation, is the process of moving air in and out of the body using all components of the respiratory pump
—breathing in is called inspiration or inhalation

Question 76

Muscles and bones involved in breathing

Answer 76

Bones
—sternum
—ribs
—vertebrate

Muscles: inspiration
—diaphragm
—exernal intercostals
—scalenes
—sternocleidomastoid
—pectoralis minor

Muscles: expiration
—internal intercostals
—abdominals

Question 77

Respiratory passages

Answer 77

The purpose of ventilation is to move air in and out of the body
—there are two categories of respiratory passages

1. Conducting airways
   —nasal cavity
   —oral cavity
   —pharynx
   —larynx
   —trachea
   —right and left pulmonary bronchi
   —bronchioles
2. Respiratory airways
   —alveoli
   —alveolar sacs

Question 78

Metabolism and bioenergetics

Answer 78

The body requires a constant input of energy to maintain basic life activities, such as contraction of the heart and the rise and fall of the lungs, as well as for movement

Question 79

Macronutrients

Answer 79

Proteins, carbohydrates and fats are found in food and contain 4, 4 and 9 calories per gram
—they all provide calories, but they do not provide usable energy simply by their ingestion
—after food is ingested and nutrients absorbed, it must be transformed into usable energy

Question 80

Metabolism

Answer 80

Turning chemical energy into a form the body can use requires a series of chemical reactions called metabolism
—this is the sum of biochemical reactions that occur dint he cells of the body to obtain usable energy from food in the form of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
—ATP = energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body
—metabolism = all of the chemical reactions that occurs in the body that are required for life
—calorie = a scientific unit of energy

Question 81

Mitochondria

Answer 81

Mitochondria - where most of the energy-producing activity occurs
—organelle found int he cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material and enzymes necessary for cell metabolism, converting food to energy

Metabolic pathways
—a series of chemical reactions that either break down or build up compounds in the body

Question 82

Two energy systems

Answer 82

Breaking down food into smaller digestible units is metabolism - then mitochondria further breaks down into ATPs

Anaerobic energy systems (without oxygen)
—ATP-CP
—Anaerobic glycolysis

Aerobic energy systems (with oxygen
—glycolysis (carbohydrates)
—lipolysis (lipids/fats)

Question 83

Three pathways to energy

Answer 83

1. ATP-Phosphocreatine
   (ATP-PC) System
   —occurs during the initial 10-15 seconds of activity
   —anaerobic
   —used for activities that require high power or strength
   —like when transitioning from walk to run - or from rest into chest press (sprinting)
   —rapidly gives access to a small amt. of ATP that is already stored in muscles — without using oxygen — won’t be long before we need to the other energy pathways to kick in
2. Glycolysis
   —occurs during the first 2-3 min. Of activity
   —glucose without the presence of oxygen (anaerobic) to create ATP
   —as first pathway is running out, glycolysis is preparing to fill in and provide ATP
   —is the essential system for sugar metabolism — exclusively for carbohydrates
   —when there is enough oxygen, glucose is converted to a diff. Substance called pyruvate
   —most of the time we run off fats
3. Aerobic processes
   —used in any activity lasting longer than 2-3 min.
   —takes over for majority of ATP production in a workout
   —uses oxygen to convert glucose, pyruvate and fat into ATP

Question 84

Neurons are composed of which of the following?

Answer 84

Cell body, axon, and dendrites

Question 85

Which of the following is true of the right ventricle?

Answer 85

It sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 86

Which term refers to the inferior chamber of the heart that receives blood from its corresponding atrium and, in turn, forces blood into the arteries?

Answer 86

Ventricle

Question 87

Which of the following is a muscle that is commonly underactive in the LPHC?

Answer 87

Hamstrings

Question 88

What is the functional unit of the nervous system that merges collectively to form nerves?

Answer 88

Neuron

Question 89

Which is true of the left ventricle?

Answer 89

It receives oxygenated blood and pumps it to the entire body

Question 90

Within muscle fibers, there are two long protein filaments that slide past each other to produce muscular contractions. What are these filaments called?

Answer 90

Actin and myosin

Question 91

Which of the following systems’ primary role is to ensure proper cellular function?

Answer 91

Respiratory system

Question 92

What is made up of the upper and lower extremities as well as the shoulder and pelvic girdles and encompasses approximately 126 bones?

Answer 92

Appendicular skeleton

Question 93

Which of the following are sensitive to change in tension of muscle and the rate of that change?

Answer 93

Golgi tendon organs (not muscle spindles)
—muscle spindles are sensitive to change in LENGTH of muscle and the rate of that change

Question 94

Which of the following is defined as the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements?

Answer 94

Proprioception

Question 95

Which term refers to the arching of the lumbar spine and is associated with tight hip flexors, lengthened abdominals, and low-back pain?

Answer 95

Lordosis

Question 96

Which of the following terms refers to vessels that transport blood from the capillaries toward the heart?

Answer 96

Veins

Question 97

What is defined as the simultaneous contraction of one muscle and the relaxation of its antagonist?

Answer 97

Reciprocal inhibition

Question 98

The synergistic action of muscle groups to produce movement around a joint is known as what?

Answer 98

Force-couple

Question 99

Which of the following are sensory receptors responsible for sensing position in body tissues and are located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules of the human body?

Answer 99

Mechanoreceptors

Question 100

Which of the following is referred to as the pacemaker for the heart?

Answer 100

Sinoatrial node

Question 101

Which of the following is a muscle that is commonly overactive in the foot and ankle?

Answer 101

Soleus

Question 102

What of the following is the actual process of moving air in and out of the body and requires optimal functioning of the respiratory pump and all its components?

Answer 102

Ventilation

Question 103

What is caused by a tight muscle decreasing the neural drive to its functional antagonist?

Answer 103

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Question 104

Which of the following is an example of relaxation of the psoas so the glutes can contract?

Answer 104

Reciprocal inhibition

Question 105

Which of the following is true of the Golgi tendon organ when excited?

Answer 105

It causes a muscle to relax

Question 106

Which of the following are fibrous connective tissues that connect bone to bone and provide static and dynamic stability as well as input to the nervous system?

Answer 106

Ligaments - not tendons (bone to muscle)

Question 107

Which of the following is a small chamber located superiorly on either side of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart?

Answer 107

Atrium