Ch 3 Human Development Flashcards
Practice Exam 1
Which of the following theories of child development is most accepted by researchers today:
Select one:
A. environmentalist theory
B. constructivist theory
C. maturationist theory
D. biological theory
The Correct Answer is: B
Questions like this can be very subjective but the general consensus among current researchers is that child development and the learning process as articulated by the constructivists is most supported by research. Constructivists believe that learning and development occur when young children actively interact with the environment and people around them. This doesn’t necessarily translate into actual practice - many schools and other programs involving children are based on other theories.
The correct answer is: constructivist theory
Which of these medications would be given to someone who was suffering from hallucinations?
Select one:
A. lithium
B. haloperidol
C. an MAOI
D. diazepam
The Correct Answer is: B
Haloperidol (Haldol) is used to treat hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms.
A. Incorrect Lithium is typically used to treat Bipolar Disorder.
B. CORRECT See above.
C. Incorrect MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) are used to treat depression.
D. Incorrect Diazepam (Valium) is prescribed for anxiety.
The correct answer is: haloperidol
The parents of a 4-year-old boy seek the assistance of a counselor to help them deal with discipline problems they are having with their child. Whenever the parents say “no” to the child, he reacts by having a tantrum. The tantrums have escalated since toddlerhood and the parents had hoped that the boy would outgrow his behavior. Instead, the tantrums seem to occur more and more often. The parents say that they have tried reasoning with him, giving him time-outs, even yelling at him, but nothing seems to work. The counselor suggests simply ignoring the behavior. If the parents decide to use this technique, they should be aware that:
Select one:
A. it might have an adverse effect
B. the tantrums might increase before they decrease
C. the boy might adopt a more dangerous behavior to gain attention
D. they will need to adapt their family structure to the boy’s non-tantrum behaviors
The Correct Answer is: B
Operant extinction refers to ignoring a previously reinforced behavior in order to eliminate it.
A. Incorrect This is not typical when extinction is used.
B. CORRECT Extinction often produces a temporary increase in the undesirable behavior before a decline is observed. This increase is sometimes referred to as a “response burst.”
C. Incorrect This is not typical when extinction is used.
D. Incorrect This may be important, but the question emphasizes what the parents should expect when they use extinction.
The correct answer is: the tantrums might increase before they decrease
Salespeople are paid, on the average, after every 8th sale they make that is over $500. This is an example of a __________ schedule of reinforcement:
Select one:
A. fixed interval
B. variable interval
C. fixed ratio
D. variable ratio
The Correct Answer is: D
To answer this question correctly, you would have had to notice the phrase “on the average,” which makes this schedule of payment a variable ratio schedule. (a) A fixed interval schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement for a response occurs at a fixed (consistent) interval of time, regardless of the number of responses. (b) A variable interval schedule refers to when reinforcement occurs after random or variable time intervals. (c) A fixed ratio schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement for a response occurs after a fixed number of correct responses.
The correct answer is: variable ratio
For Erik Erikson, a two-year old child is most likely to be faced with which of the following psychosocial crises:
Select one:
A. initiative vs. guilt
B. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. trust vs. mistrust
D. industry vs. inferiority
The Correct Answer is: B
For Erikson, children between the ages of 1 and 3 must learn to be autonomous in order to feel confident about their own abilities later in life – that is, they must learn to assert their own wills and do things for themselves. (a) The initiative vs. guilt stage occurs in early childhood and when favorable relationships exist there is an ability to set goals, devise and carry out plans. (c) Trust vs. mistrust is the first stage according to Erikson and it occurs in infancy. In this stage, a positive relationship with one’s primary caretaker results in a sense of trust and optimism. (d) The industry vs. inferiority stage is passed through during school age. The child who passes through this stage successfully masters social and academic skills.
The correct answer is: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
A client comes into therapy exhibiting concern about the well-being of her grandchildren. Which one of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development is this client likely in:
Select one:
A. trust vs. mistrust
B. initiative vs. guilt
C. generativity vs. stagnation
D. intimacy vs. isolation
The Correct Answer is: C
The generativity vs. stagnation stage occurs late in a person’s life and is marked by an interest in the welfare of future generations. (a) The trust vs. mistrust stage occurs in infancy and involves the impact of the relationship between the infant andthe primary caretaker upon the infant’s sense of trust and optimism. (b) Initiative vs. guilt is a stage which occurs in early childhood and, again, involves the impact of family relationships on the child’s ability to set goals. (d) The intimacy vs. isolation stage occurs in early adulthood. According to Erikson, the main task during early adulthood is to establish intimate bonds of love and friendship.
The correct answer is: generativity vs. stagnation
A couple leave their 11-month old son Neil at a babysitter’s for the first time. Upon their return, the babysitter is playing with Neil on the floor, and the baby does not notice his parents’ presence. The babysitter reports that Neil was an “absolute doll,” and he never cried when his parents left, not even for a moment. According to attachment theory, what does this indicate about Neil’s relationship with his mother:
Select one:
A. Neil is securely attached
B. the attachment is insecure/avoidant
C. the attachment is insecure/resistant
D. Neil is going to turn into a “daredevil”
The Correct Answer is: B
- *THE CORRECT ANSWER IS “B”**
- *B** According to Ainsworth, a baby who shows no signs of distress over being left in a strange situation by his or her mother, and who avoids making contact with the mother upon her return, has an insecure/avoidant attachment. Mothers of avoidant children are either very impatient and unresponsive, or they overstimulate their children. (a) If Neil had been securely attached, he would have been mildly upset when his mother had left and he would have actively sought her upon her return. Mothers of securely attached infants are emotionally sensitive and responsive. (c) When the attachment is insecure/ambivalent(resistant), the child will be highly disturbed when separated from his or her mother, but will be ambivalent upon her return and may resist the mother’s attempts at physical closeness. Mothers of insecurely/ambivalently attached children tend to be moody and inconsistent in their caretaking.
The correct answer is: the attachment is insecure/avoidant
Which of the following is true about the effects of employment on mothers:
Select one:
A. working mothers are generally more satisfied with their lives than nonemployed mothers.
B. working mothers tend to become depressed over conflicting roles and responsibilities.
C. working mothers tend to score higher on measures of stress and psychosomatic symptoms than nonemployed mothers.
D. maternal employment is associated with a high increase in the husband’s involvement in household tasks and childrearing.
The Correct Answer is: A
- *THE CORRECT ANSWER IS “A”**
- *A** This is most consistent with research findings (Kessler and McRae, 1982; Veroff, Douvan, and Kulka, 1981). Although working mothers worry about time spent with children and adequate childcare, they score lower on measures of stress, depression, and psychosomatic symptoms than mothers who stay home, and they report more overall satisfaction with their lives. Even though fathers pick up the slack when mothers work, this increase has been reported as modest (Hoffman, 1986).
The correct answer is: working mothers are generally more satisfied with their lives than nonemployed mothers.
In general, school counselors do not engage in:
Select one:
A. diagnostic assessment
B. remediation
C. education
D. screening of teachers
The Correct Answer is: D
- *THE CORRECT ANSWER IS “D”**
- *D** This has not been identified as a primary role of the school counselor.
The correct answer is: screening of teachers
According to Kohlberg, the stage of moral development where moral judgments are based on rules and laws set forth by legitimate authorities is part of:
Select one:
A. preconventional morality
B. postconventional morality
C. concrete operational morality
D. conventional morality
The Correct Answer is: D
- *THE CORRECT ANSWER IS “D”**
- *D** Conventional morality, the middle stage, according to Kohlberg, is, itself, divided in two stages. In one stage, the person relies on others’ approval to decide on the right action. In the next stage, laws and rules set forth by legitimate authorities are important. (a) Preconventional Morality is the first stage and is also divided into two stages. In stage one, Punishment and Obedience Orientation, the performance of good or bad acts is solely dependent on the consequences of each act. In stage two, Instrumental Hedonism, consequences still guide moral judgments, but the goal is reward more than avoidance of punishment. (b) Postconventional Morality is the final stage and it includes two stages as well. Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, and Democratically Accepted Laws is stage 5. It states that the morally right action is the one consistent with democratically determined laws. In stage 6, Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience, a person determines right and wrong on the basis of broad, self-chosen universal principles. (c) Concrete operational morality is not a stage in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
The correct answer is: conventional morality
A teenage girl is reprimanded at school by her chemistry teacher for failing to do her homework the night before. She is upset by this because she is a good student who has never misbehaved, but she accepts the criticism without responding to it. Later that day, she yells at her younger brother when he enters her bedroom while she is doing her homework. She rarely yells at her brother. Her behavior illustrates:
Select one:
A. projection
B. displacement
C. sublimation
D. reaction formation
The Correct Answer is: B
- *THE CORRECT ANSWER IS “B”**
- *B** When the ego is unable to ward off danger through rational, realistic means, it may resort to one of its defense mechanisms. The various defense mechanisms all share two characteristics: They operate on an unconscious level and they serve to deny or distort reality. In this case, displacement is the defense mechanism that is operating. Displacement is the transfer of an instinctual drive from its original target (the teacher in this case) to a less threatening target (the little brother) so that the drive can be more safely expressed. Projection (a) involves attributing one’s own unacceptable instinctual needs and drives to another person. Sublimation (c) is a type of displacement in which an unacceptable impulse is diverted into a socially-acceptable, even admirable, activity. When using reaction formation (d), a person avoids an anxiety-evoking instinct by expressing its opposite.
The correct answer is: displacement
Which of the following is the best description of “accommodation”
Select one:
A. individuals actively construct their knowledge through their interactions with the environment
B. the incorporation of new knowledge into existing cognitive structures or schemes
C. the modification of existing schemes to incorporate new knowledge
D. cognitive development stems from a drive toward cognitive equilibrium
The Correct Answer is: C
- *THE CORRECT ANSWER IS “C”**
- *C** Piaget did not accept the assumption that cognitive development is the result of either biologically-predetermined maturation or environmental factors alone. According to Piaget, people adapt to their environment cognitively in the same way that organisms adapt to their environment biologically. For Piaget, adaptation includes two complementary processes: assimilation and accommodation. (b) Assimilation refers to the incorporation of new knowledge into existing cognitive structures or schemes. (c) Accommodation refers to the modification of existing schemes to incorporate new knowledge. With regard to choice (a), Piaget did propose that individuals actively construct their knowledge through their interactions with the environment; however, this assumption is known as “constructivism.” Finally, choice (d) describes equilibration; Piaget proposed that the motivation for cognitive development stems from a drive toward cognitive equilibrium - development occurs when an individual uses assimilation and accommodation to resolve a conflict (disequilibrium) arising out of a discrepancy between reality and his/her current understanding of the world (repertoire of schemes).
The correct answer is: the modification of existing schemes to incorporate new knowledge
An unpredictable pattern of responding is produced by which of the following schedules of reinforcement:
Select one:
A. fixed interval
B. fixed ratio
C. fixed ratio
D. variable ratio and variable interval
The Correct Answer is: D
- *THE CORRECT ANSWER IS “D”**
- *D** This question refers to Skinner’s schedules of reinforcement for behavior modification. Both of the variable schedules produce an unpredictable rate of responding (with the variable ratio schedule producing behavior most resistant to extinction). A fixed interval schedule is associated with low frequencies of responding. Fixed ratio schedules also produce pauses in responding following reinforcement.
The correct answer is: variable ratio and variable interval
In their theories of development, both Piaget and Kohlberg emphasize which of the following:
Select one:
A. cognitive maturation
B. individual differences
C. critical periods
D. unconscious conflicts
The Correct Answer is: A
- *THE CORRECT ANSWER IS “A”**
- *A** The theories of Piaget and Kohlberg both deal with cognitive development. Piaget stresses cognitive processes such as centration, reversibility, and deductive reasoning; Kohlberg’s theory is of moral development, which he viewed as a process of cognitive maturation. (c) Critical periods and (d) unconscious conflicts refer to terms in Freud’s theory of psychosexual development. FC / HGD
The correct answer is: cognitive maturation
According to Erikson, the primary task of the anal stage of psychosocial development is the development of __________________, and failure to successfully accomplish this task leads to ____________________:
Select one:
A. an ego identity; identity diffusion
B. a capacity for industry; a sense of inferiority
C. a sense of basic trust; suspicion and mistrust
D. a sense of autonomy; doubt and shame
The Correct Answer is: D
- *THE CORRECT ANSWER IS “D”**
- *D** According to Erikson, autonomy vs. shame is the psychosocial conflict of the muscular-anal (age 1-3) stage of psychosocial development. (a) An ego identity vs. identity diffusion are concepts found in Marcia’s work (1987). He based his theory of ego development on the work of Erikson. Marcia distinguishes among four identity patterns in the adolescent period. Adolescents who exhibit identity diffusion have not yet experienced an identity crisis, explored alternatives, or committed to an identity. (b) A capacity for industry vs. a sense of inferiority refers to Erikson’s “school age” stage. (c) A sense of basic trust vs. suspicion and mistrust occurs, according to Erikson, during infancy. FC / HGD
The correct answer is: a sense of autonomy; doubt and shame
