Ch 2 Social & Cultural Diversity Flashcards
Practice Exam 1
According to the cycle of violence model of spouse abuse, there is a period of ______________ following an incident of abuse:
Select one:
A. withdrawal
B. continued abuse
C. contrition
D. retribution
The Correct Answer is: C
According to the cycle of violence model, an incident of abuse is followed by a period of contrition, before the cycle continues and more abuse occurs.
The correct answer is: contrition
According to studies on child abuse, a person who was abused as a child is __________ to be an abuser as an adult than a person on who was not abused as a child
A. less likely
B. equally likely
C. more likely
D. none of the above
The Correct Answer is: C
A person who was abused as a child is more likely to commit abuse as an adult than a person who was not abused. However, this does not mean that a victim of abuse will always commit abuse or someone who was not a victim will never commit abuse; it just means that one group is more likely to commit abuse.
The correct answer is: more likely
A client you are treating reports that she has been experiencing withdrawal effects ever since she stopped drinking alcohol. These effects can be:
Select one:
A. physiological and psychological
B. physiological but not psychological
C. psychological but not physiological
D. social
The Correct Answer is: A
Withdrawal effects can be physiological, psychological, or both. Most severe physiological effects have some impact on psychology and vice versa.
The correct answer is: physiological and psychological
The “cycle of violence” model of spouse abuse predicts that, immediately following an incident of abuse, there is a period of:
Select one:
A. withdrawal and reconsideration
B. tension-building
C. loving contrition
D. retribution
The Correct Answer is: C
Lenore Walker’s (1984) cycle of violence model entails three stages: tension building, acute battering incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, abusive relationships tend to remain stable when the costs of the abuse and the benefits of the loving contrition behaviors exhibited by the abuser are about equal.
The correct answer is: loving contrition
Which of the following statements about counseling the elderly is true?
Select one:
A. counselors may want to slow down their speech and use simpler phrasing with elderly counselees because working memory typically declines with age
B. older adults maintain working memory that is comparable to younger adults, but because some elderly clients will show decrements in procedural memory, counselors may need to apply “cognitive prosthetics” in their conversations with elderly clients
C. elderly counselees are likely to comprehend a counselor’s statements in a given session as well as a younger counselee does, but may not recall these discussions between sessions
D. counselors generally should not ask elderly counselees about experiences with memory loss
The Correct Answer is: A
The research has generally concluded that working memory–the capacity to retain and manipulate information shortly after it is presented–typically declines with age.
A. CORRECT
A decline in working memory could make language comprehension more difficult, and thus “practitioners may want to slow down and use simpler phrasing when working with older clients.” (See Knight, B. G. and McCallum, T. J. [1998]. Adapting psychotherapeutic practice for older clients: Implications of the contextual, cohort-based, maturity, specific challenge model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 9[1], 15-22.)
B. Incorrect The fact that working memory typically declines with age makes choice B incorrect. Procedural memory is related to the knowledge of rules of action and procedures, which can become automatic with repetition. Procedural memory can be very durable. An example is learning to ride a bike.
C. Incorrect The fact that working memory typically declines with age makes choice C incorrect.
D. Incorrect A counselee’s experiences with memory loss may well be an appropriate topic of discussion as part of the counselor’s helping process.
The correct answer is: counselors may want to slow down their speech and use simpler phrasing with elderly counselees because working memory typically declines with age
A person who is experiencing alcohol withdrawal would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?
Select one:
A. dysphoric mood, vivid dreams, insomnia, and increased appetite
B. impaired coordination, nystagmus, memory problems, and mood fluctuations
C. dysphoric mood, restlessness, insomnia, and fever
D. hand tremor, insomnia, hallucinations, and seizures
The Correct Answer is: D
Answer d is correct. Alcohol Withdrawal involves the development of at least two characteristic symptoms following cessation of (or reduction in) heavy, prolonged alcohol consumption. The characteristic symptoms of this disorder include the ones listed in this answer (hand tremor, insomnia, transitory hallucinations, and seizures).
The correct answer is: hand tremor, insomnia, hallucinations, and seizures
Which of the following statements is true?
Select one:
A. for ethical reasons, it is inappropriate for counselors to inquire on health matters with an older client
B. counselors should help relieve the burden of health care providers by diagnosing illness in elderly clients
C. counselors working with older adults should acquire understanding about the medical problems that older clients may experience
D. it is unethical and illegal for counselors to ask an elderly client about prescription medications that the client may be taking
The Correct Answer is: C
The proportion of chronic illness and disability in the population increases with each decade of life, and illness and disability may well have an impact upon the psychological functioning of an older client. This, it is important for counselors to learn about the medical problems of older clients. (See Knight, B. G., and McCallum, T. J. [1998]. Adapting psychotherapeutic practice for older clients: Implications of the contextual, cohort-based, maturity, specific challenge model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 9[1], 15-22.)
A. Incorrect It is important for a counselor to understand the circumstances that may affect the psychological functioning of any client, and, thus, it would not be unethical to inquire with an older client about health matters and the use of prescription medications.
B. Incorrect Counselors are not qualified to diagnose physical illness.
C. CORRECT See above.
D. Incorrect See answer A.
The correct answer is: counselors working with older adults should acquire understanding about the medical problems that older clients may experience
Which of the following accurately describes the “honeymoon” stage in Lenore Walker’s model of cyclical spouse abuse?
Select one:
A. it comes between tension-building and acute battering
B. it comes between acute battering and tension-building
C. the victim gives into the demands of the batterer
D. all of the above
The Correct Answer is: B
Lenore Walker (1984) identified a three-stage cycle of spouse abuse: (1) tension-building, then (2) acute battering, then (3) loving contrition–or “honeymoon”–then back to tension-building, and indefinite perpetuation of the cycle. (See Walker, L. E. A. [1984]. Battered Woman Syndrome. New York: Springer.)
A. Incorrect See answer B.
B. CORRECT The honeymoon phase occurs follows the acute battering stage and precedes the tension-building stage.
C. Incorrect “The victim gives into the demands of the batterer” describes something that may happen within the tension-building phase.
D. Incorrect Only B is true.
The correct answer is: it comes between acute battering and tension-building
Which of the following interventions is most likely to result in the reduction of the risk of future spousal abuse?
Select one:
A. mediation of the dispute by a relative
B. separation of the husband and wife after the abuse
C. arrest of the abuser
D. drug treatment of the abuser
The Correct Answer is: C
The U.S. Department of Justice and National Crime Prevention Council Study found that police intervention after a spousal attack reduces the risk of another attack within six months by 62%.
A. Incorrect See answer C.
B. Incorrect See answer C.
C. CORRECT The arrest of the batterer reduces risk of future abuse more than informal mediation or separation from the spouse.
D. Incorrect Alcohol or other drug abuse is common among men who batter their wives; alcoholism, in particular, has been linked with 40 to 90% of wife abuse cases. However, drug abuse treatment by itself has not been found to be the most effective way of reducing the risk of future spousal abuse.
The correct answer is: arrest of the abuser
Which of the following characteristics is LEAST associated with abusive parents?
Select one:
A. love of pleasurable activities
Correct
B. anxiety
C. depression
D. drug or alcohol abuse
The Correct Answer is: A
Characteristics associated with abusive parents include drug and alcohol abuse, depression, poor impulse control, anxiety, and physical illness. Abusive families tend to be chaotic or overly controlled.
A. CORRECT A love of pleasurable activities is not compatible with the personality characteristics usually associated with abusive parents. Thus, of your choices, it is the characteristic that is “least” associated with abusive parents.
B. Incorrect See above.
C. Incorrect See above.
D. Incorrect See above.
The correct answer is: love of pleasurable activities
Which of the following is true of child sexual abuse?
Select one:
A. the abuser is not likely to be acquainted with the child
B. the majority of sex abusers are from low socioeconomic levels
C. most sex abusers attempt to force their victims to have intercourse with them
D. the majority of sex abusers are heterosexual
The Correct Answer is: D
Most child sexual abusers are heterosexual, even when the victim and the abuser are of the same sex.
A. Incorrect The majority of victims of sexual abuse are assaulted by someone they know and trust (e.g., a parent, parent surrogate, another relative, friend).
B. Incorrect This has not been found to be true.
C. Incorrect Only a small minority of sexual abusers use physical violence. Instead, they typically use bribes and/or the existing relationship with the child to gain the child’s compliance.
The correct answer is: the majority of sex abusers are heterosexual
A teacher contacts the school counselor to discuss signs of child abuse. She is concerned about one of her students who has been acting strangely. She asks the counselor, and finds out that which of the following behaviors is most likely to indicate child abuse?
Select one:
A. aggressiveness
B. inattentiveness
C. regression
D. compassion
The Correct Answer is: C
It is important to note that the question is asking for the behavior which is most likely to indicate child abuse. This does not mean that the other behaviors do not indicate child abuse, but that one of these behaviors is more indicative of child abuse than the others.
A. Incorrect Choices A and B could be indicators of abuse. However, aggression and inattentiveness could be due to other factors, such as learning problems, ADHD, or conduct disorder.
B. Incorrect See answer A.
C. CORRECT Regression implies an interruption of normal functioning, typically indicating some type of trauma, such as child abuse.
D. Incorrect This is not necessarily an indicator of child abuse.
The correct answer is: regression
Surveys of representative samples of the population have suggested that between one-sixth and one-half of the victims of serious spouse abuse are known to the police. Thus, it has been proposed that the police can act as an important component in efforts to reduce the incidence of spouse abuse. Research by Sherman and Berk (1984) compared several types of police interventions in cases of spouse abuse and found that:
Select one:
A. arrest of the offender results in lower recidivism rates than either immediate separation of the parties for a brief period or informal mediation of the dispute only when arrest is quickly followed by court sanctions
B. arrest of the offender results in lower recidivism rates than either immediate separation of the parties for a brief period or informal mediation of the dispute regardless of whether or not the arrest is quickly followed by court sanctions
C. separation of the parties for a brief period by ordering the offender out of the house results in lower recidivism rates than either arrest or informal mediation of the dispute
D. informal mediation of the dispute results in lower recidivism rates than either arrest or separation of the parties for a brief period
The Correct Answer is: B
The arrest of the abuser has been found to be the most effective way of reducing the recidivism of spouse abuse. Research suggests that the effectiveness of arrest is high regardless of whether the arrest is accompanied by court sanctions such as prosecution.
The correct answer is: arrest of the offender results in lower recidivism rates than either immediate separation of the parties for a brief period or informal mediation of the dispute regardless of whether or not the arrest is quickly followed by court sanctions
Which of the following is true about the economic status of the elderly in the U.S.:
Select one:
A. the majority of elderly Americans have a higher socioeconomic status than the rest of the U.S. population
B. elderly women and minority group members are most likely to have a lower socioeconomic status than the rest of the U.S. population
C. most seniors generate their income through earnings and wages
D. the number of employed elderly persons has significantly increased over the last several decades
The Correct Answer is: B
The majority of elderly Americans have a lower socioeconomic status than the rest of the population; this is particularly true of elderly women and minority group members.
The correct answer is: elderly women and minority group members are most likely to have a lower socioeconomic status than the rest of the U.S. population
All of the following are true about counseling with gay clients except:
Select one:
A. referral to community resources is often important
B. therapy should focus on the clients’ experiences with social oppression
C. racial minority gay clients tend to be more concerned about racial issues than issues related to their sexuality
D. the issue of counselor-client similarity may be particularly important
The Correct Answer is: B
Because the stem includes the word “except,” this is a reverse type question. With gay clients, it may be necessary to strike a balance between validating their experience of social oppression and helping them move beyond the role of victim. Moreover, many gay clients present with issues that have little or nothing to do with social oppression.
The correct answer is: therapy should focus on the clients’ experiences with social oppression
