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CSW Study Guide > Ch. 3: Grape Varieties > Flashcards

Ch. 3: Grape Varieties Flashcards

1
Q

Grapes belong to…

A

Genus vitis

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2
Q

Grape Genus Used in Winemaking

A

Vitis vinifera

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3
Q

Vitis Vinifera Developed In…

A

The Caucasus Mountains

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4
Q

Reasons Differences Developed in Grapevines in Disparate Areas

A

Evolution

Encouragement given to certain strains by growers

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5
Q

Grape Varieties

A

Vine subspecies

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6
Q

Vitis Lambusca

A

Second most important grape species

Sweet, flavorful

High acidity

Flavor component unsuitable for wine

Concord

Discovered during colonial period

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7
Q

Flavor of Vitis Lambusca

A

Foxy

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8
Q

North American Grapes are…

A

Resistant to phylloxera

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9
Q

Phylloxera

A

Aphid-like insect

Ravaged Europe in 19th Century

Still a problem

Attempts made to breed hybrids with N. American grapes - phylloxera resistant

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10
Q

Scion

A

Vinifera part of the vine

Grafted on to rootstock of N. American vines to resist phylloxera

Vitis Lambusca rootstocks still being grafted

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11
Q

Other N. American Species Used for Grafting

A

Vitis riparia

Vitis aestivalis

Vitis rupestris

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12
Q

Species

A

Scientific grouping

Genetically similar

Broad common characteristics

Produce offspring via sexual reproduction

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13
Q

Variety

A

Subspecies

Identifiable group of vines in same species

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14
Q

Varieties Share…

A

Appearance, flavor, growth

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15
Q

Examples of a Variety

A

Chardonnay and Syrah

Vinifera varieties

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16
Q

Clone

A

Grapes that are slightly different from their parent

Occurs when asexually reproduced vines are planted in new surroundings

Slight genetic variations occur to adapt to new surroundings

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17
Q

New Clone

A

New vine that shows consistent distinction from parent

Have new name and number assigned

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18
Q

Mutation

A

Derived from vine that developed different characteristics from parents or fellow clones

Through imperfect reproduction of cells during growth

Can lead to new type of grape different from ancestors

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19
Q

Mutation Examples

A

Pinot Blanc and Pinot Gris are mutations of Pinot Noir

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20
Q

Cross/Crossing

A

Offspring of sexual reproduction between different subspecies within same species

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21
Q

Cross Example

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

Cross between Cab Franc and Sav Blanc

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22
Q

Hybrid

A

Result of sexual reproduction between two closely related but different species

Struggle to develop adequate levels of tannin

Can be highly acidic

Can be propagated through cuttings

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23
Q

Attempts to Create New Grapes that Could Withstand these Ravages

A

Mildew

Phylloxera

Cold weather

Humidity

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24
Q

Hybrid Examples

A

Seyval Blanc

Vidal Blanc

Baco Noir

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25
Chardonnay Profile - Examples
White Burgundy Champagne “California Style”
26
Chardonnay Profile - Top Producing Countries
France US AUS
27
Chardonnay Profile - Aromas
GPM Green Apple Melon
28
Chardonnay Profile - Acidity
Medium to high
29
Chardonnay Profile - Alcohol
Medium to high
30
Chenin Blanc Profile - Examples
Vouvray Savenneires Saumur
31
Chenin Blanc Profile - Top Producing Countries
South Africa France US
32
Chenin Blanc - Aromas
GYMGAWCCHoQ Green apple Yellow pear Melon Green plum Almond White flowers Citrus Chamomile tea Honey Quince (aged)
33
Chenin Blanc - Acidity
Medium-plus to high
34
Chenin Blanc - Alcohol
Medium to high
35
Muscat Profile - Examples
Southern France Northern Italy AUS
36
Muscat Profile - Top Producing Countries
Italy France Chile AUS
37
Muscat Profile - Aromas
MOHFAT Musk Honey Orange blossom Floral Apricot Table grapes
38
Muscat Profile - Acidity
Low to medium
39
Muscat Profile - Alcohol
Medium to high
40
Pinot Grigio/Gris Profile - Examples
Northeastern Italy Alsace Oregon
41
Pinot Grigio/Gris Profile - Top Producing Countries
IGAUF Italy Germany AUS US France
42
Pinot Grigio/Gris Profile - Aromas
ALMPAM Apple Lemon Melon Peach Minerals Almond
43
Pinot Grigio/Gris Profile - Acidity
Low to high
44
Pinot Grigio/Gris Profile - Alcohol
Medium
45
Riesling Profile - Examples
Mosel Rheingau Rehinhessen Pfalz Alsace Clare and Eden Valleys (AUS) Finger Lakes Washington state
46
Riesling Profile - Top Producing Countries
Germany AUS France US
47
Riesling Profile - Aromas
LiPNWHAP + B Lime Peach Nectarine Apricot Honeysuckle Wet stone Petrol Baking spices (well aged)
48
Riesling Profile - Acidity
High to very high
49
Riesling Profile - Alcohol
Very low to high
50
Airen
One of the most widely used white wine grapes in the world Relatively unknown to consumers Grown primarily in central Spain
51
International Varieties Definition
Select group of varieties that thrive in a wide range of growing conditions and many areas of the world
52
International Varieties Examples
Cab sav Sav Blanc Chardonnay Merlot Malbec
53
Traditional/Native/Indigenous Grapes
Thousands of varieties that haven’t been widely transplanted beyond native home Grown primarily in one place, have long history, have adjusted to local conditions Reach their highest quality under specific conditions- impossible to duplicate away from native area
54
Autochthonous Grapes
Indigenous grapes that are the result of natural cross-breeding or natural mutation in a specific area
55
White Wines
Grapes/wines that don’t have red or purple pigmentation
56
Green Grapes
Underripe grapes
57
Chardonnay
One of the world’s most popular varieties Grown almost everywhere in the New World Making inroads in Europe Indigenous to Burgundy Considered at its highest expression here Limestone soils Important to Champagne region
58
Chardonnay In Warmer Regions
CA and AUS Less acidic Fuller bodied “California Style” Ripe, tropical fruit flavors High alcohol Considerable body
59
Chardonnay in Cooler Regions
Citrus flavors Green fruit aromas Crisp acidity Light to medium body
60
Is Chardonnay Made Into Sweet Wine?
No Winemakers leave minimal amount of sugar to round out body and keep alcohol level down
61
Chardonnay and Wood
Benefits from interaction with wood New oak barrels impart oak flavors (New World)
62
Unoaked Chardonnay
Aged in stainless steel tanks
63
Barrel-Aged Chardonnay
Improves with age Burgundies evolve toward complex, flavorful wine for a decade
64
Muscat
Primarily used to produce sweet wine Recent double-digit growth in US market Also can produce excellent dry wines (less known) Mutated several times Several related varieties
65
Well-Known Muscats
Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains (white muscat with small berries) - higher quality Muscat of Alexandria Muscat Ottonel
66
Shared Characteristics of Muscats
Powerful floral aroma Scent of fresh white grapes Performs best in warm to hot climates (Ottonel in cool climates)
67
Dessert Muscats
Vins doux naturels- Southern France Rutherglen- AUS Moscatel - Southern Spain Moscato d’ Asti- northwestern Italy
68
Pinot Grigio/Gris
Grey pinot Developed as a mutation of Pinot Noir in Burgundy Pinot Grigio when planted in Italy centuries ago Pinot Gris when produced in Alsace Introduced in Oregon in mid 60s
69
Cool Climate Pinot Gris
Med-plus acidity Medium to full body Neutral aromas - Apple, pear, almond Sometimes moderate residual sugar
70
Pinot Gris in Germany
Rulander Grauburgunder
71
Pinot Grigio in US
Introduced from Italy in mid 70s Became popular alternative to Chardonnay
72
Pinot Grigio in Warm Climates (US and AUS)
Med-minus acidity Higher alcohol
73
Pinot Grigio in Cooler Climates
Alto Adige Veneto
74
Pinot Grigio Label
Indicates dry, neutral, unoaked
75
Riesling
Indigenous to Germany Can be grown in cold weather One of the most long-lived white wines Oak aging is rare
76
Riesling Profile Overview
Intense floral aromas - vary with climate and terroir Petrol scent Full spectrum of sweetness- off-dry to med-sweet Low levels of alcohol- some 7-8% Naturally high acidity - often balances with residual sugar (preservative effect) Can produce luscious dessert wines Oak aging is rare
77
Riesling Dessert Wines
From late harvest grapes From Botyris-affected grapes
78
White Riesling
US Means “true Riesling”
79
Missouri Riesling
Indigenous US grape Completely different variety
80
Sauvignon Blanc
Native to France - Bordeaux and Loire Valley Acts as true barometer of soil, site, and viticultural practices Can produce many different styles depending on where it’s grown and how it’s handled in the winery
81
Sauvignon Blanc - NZ
Herbal character Fruit forward flavors- grapefruit and tropical fruit Strong reputation since 1980s
82
Popular Styles of Sav Blanc
Oak aged Bordeaux Fume Blanc
83
Fume Blanc
Mondavi - 1960s In US, Fume Blanc is synonymous with Sav Blanc
84
Table Wines Using Sav Blanc
High acidity Dry Sometimes blended with low-acid grapes Bordeaux- blended with Semillon Bordeaux- Sav Blanc plays role in sweet dessert wines
85
Sauternes
Bordeaux Sweet dessert wine using Sav Blanc
86
Sauvignon Blanc- Examples
Sancerre Pouilly-Fume White Bordeaux Fume Blanc New Zealand
87
Sauvignon Blanc- Top Producing Countries
FUNCS France US NZ Chile South Africa
88
Sauvignon Blanc- Aromas
GHAG GuMT GuF Grass Hay Asparagus
89
Sauvignon Blanc- Acidity
Med-plus to high
90
Sauvignon Blanc- Alcohol
Medium
91
Semillon
Better known as blending wine Often paired with Sav Blanc
92
Semillon- Flavors
Waxy or oily
93
Semillon- Aromas
CuFTH Citrus (lemon, yellow grapefruit) Flowers Tree fruit Herbal notes when slightly underripe
94
Semillon- Bordeaux
Paired with Sav Blanc
95
Semillon- Australia
Paired with Chardonnay Stand-alone varietal in Hunter Valley
96
Viognier
Primarily indigenous to N. Rhône Valley Since 1980s, planted in: AUS CA S. America Texas US East Coast
97
Viognier- Flavors
Rich Viscous Full bodied heft
98
Viognier- Aromas
Flowers Peach Tangerine
99
Pinot Blanc - Origins
Descendant of Pinot Noir Mutated from Pinot Gris Similar to Pinot Gris- can be difficult to tell apart depending on clone and growing conditions
100
Pinot Blanc - Countries
Majority found in Italy - Pinot Bianco Also found in Germany and Austria - weissburgunder One of the main grapes in Alsace
101
Pinot Blanc - Flavor
Lighter on palate
102
Pinot Blanc - Aroma
More exotic than Pinot Gris
103
Gewurtztraminer
Not a major variety in any region Small plantings in most countries First recorded in Italian Alps Most prominent in Alsace
104
Gewurtztraminer - Aromas
Flowers Spice Lychee Rose
105
Trebbianon Toscano
Neutral white grape Principally associated with Italy - used for white wines and balsamic vinegar
106
Trebbianon Toscano- France
Known as Ugni Blanc Grown in considerable quantities Used for brandy and cognac
107
Significant White Grapes - Argentina
Torrantes riojano
108
Significant White Grapes - Austria
Gruner vetliner
109
Significant White Grapes - France
Aligote Marssane Rousanne
110
Significant White Grapes - Germany
Muller-Thurgau Silvaner
111
Significant White Grapes - Greece
Assyrtiko Moschofilero Rhoditis
112
Significant White Grapes - Hungary
Furmint
113
Significant White Grapes - Italy
Cortese Garganega Glera Verdicchio Vermentino Vernaccia
114
Significant White Grapes - Portugal
Alvarino Arinto Feranao Pires Loureiro
115
Significant White Grapes - Spain
Albariño Godello Macabeo/Viura Palomino Parellada Pedro Ximenez Verdejo Xarel-lo
116
Significant White Grapes - Switzerland
Chasselas
117
Red Wines are...
Wines with red or purple pigmentation in their skin “Red” or “black” grapes May run from bluish to garnet to coal black when ripe
118
Cabernet Franc Overview
Best known as blending partner of Cab Sav and Merlot in Bordeaux and similar blends Red fruit and herbal flavors Less commonly bottled as varietal wine
119
Cab Franc-Dominated Regions
Loire Valley (Chinon and Bourgueil) Parts of CA Eastern US Sometimes used for roses
120
Cab Franc Profile
Red Bordeaux Loire Valley Northeast Italy New York State CA
121
Cab Franc - Top Producing Countries
FUI France US Italy
122
Cab Franc - Aromas
CuSToM BeRT V Cranberry Strawberry Tobacco Mushroom Bell pepper Raspberry Tea (cool) Violet (warm)
123
Cab Franc - Acidity
Med to high
124
Cab Franc - Tannin
Light to med
125
Cab Franc - Alcohol
Medium
126
Red Wines are...
Wines with red or purple pigmentation in their skin “Red” or “black” grapes May run from bluish to garnet to coal black when ripe
127
Cabernet Franc Overview
Best known as blending partner of Cab Sav and Merlot in Bordeaux and similar blends Red fruit and herbal flavors Less commonly bottled as varietal wine
128
Cab Franc-Dominated Regions
Loire Valley (Chinon and Bourgueil) Parts of CA Eastern US Sometimes used for roses
129
Cab Franc Profile - Styles
Red Bordeaux Loire Valley Northeast Italy New York State CA
130
Cab Franc - Top Producing Countries
FUI France US Italy
131
Cab Franc - Aromas
CuSToM BeRT V Cranberry Strawberry Tobacco Mushroom Bell pepper Raspberry Tea (cool) Violet (warm)
132
Cab Franc - Acidity
Med to high
133
Cab Franc - Tannin
Light to med
134
Cab Franc - Alcohol
Medium
135
Cabernet Sauvignon - Overview
Originated in Bordeaux Can develop complex flavors over time High tannins Maturation in new oak Can thrive in diverse growing conditions More cab Sav Blanc planted than any quality grape in the world Blooms late
136
Napa Cabs vs Bordeaux
Higher alcohol Lower acidity Fruit forward
137
New World Cab Sav
Similar to Napa style Blended with Merlot (Bordeaux style) AUS - blended with Shiraz
138
Cab Sav - Well Known Examples
Red Bordeaux Napa Valley
139
Cab Sav - Top Producing Countries
FAUC France AUS US Chile
140
Cab Sav - Aromas
Black currant Black cherry Eucalyptus Mint Dark chocolate Cedar Vanilla Coffee Caramel
141
Cab Sav - Acidity
Med to high
142
Cab Sav - Tannin
High
143
Cab Sav - Alcohol
High
144
Grenache - Overview
Not often bottled by itself - typically in GSM blends Thrives in hot, dry conditions Develops considerable sugar and high alcohol Recorded early in Spain
145
Grenache in GSM Blends
Added color, acidity, and complexity
146
Grenache is Abundant in...
Spain Sardinia Southern France AUS Increasingly grown in CA and WA
147
Grenache in Sardinia
Called Cannonau
148
Old-Vine Grenache
Highly prized for its concentration and flavor Often made into roses Used to make sweet fortified wines
149
Grenache and Oxidation
Grenache based wines can oxidize quickly Salmon or orange tinge Rustically noticeable aroma
150
Grenache - Well Known Examples
SAPRN Southern Rhône AUS Priorat Rioja Navarra
151
Grenache - Top Producing Countries
France Spain
152
Grenache - Aromas
F’n SCaBS Flowers Strawberry Cranberry Black pepper Sour cherry
153
Grenache - Acidity
Low to med
154
Grenache - Tannin
Low to med
155
Grenache - Alcohol
High
156
Merlot - Overview
Similar to cab Sav style and aromas Less intense, tannic, and alcoholic Lighter, brighter fruit flavors First noted in Bordeaux Represents Right Bank of Bordeaux and majority of Bordeaux blend Ripens early
157
Merlot vs Cab Sav
Merlot ripens early Cab Sav ripens late Mitigates risk of damage from extreme weather at either end of growing season
158
Merlot - Well Known Examples
Red Bordeaux Many New World examples
159
Merlot - Top Producing Countries
FICUS France Italy Chile US Spain
160
Merlot - Aromas
BBCCPM Blueberry Black cherry Coffee Chocolate Plum Mint
161
Merlot - Acidity
Medium
162
Merlot - Tannin
Medium
163
Merlot - Alcohol
Med to high
164
Pinot Noir - Overview
Native to Burgundy Able to thrive in cool climates Every NW cool climate region has experimented with PN Natural choice for sparkling wine- more PN planted in Champagne than Burgundy Popular in Germany - Spatburgunder Genetically unstable - prone to mutation
165
Pinot Noir - Mutations
Pinot Gris Pinot Blanc Pinot Muenier
166
Pinot Noir - Well Known Examples
RONCC Red Burgundy Oregon NZ Champagne CA
167
Pinot Noir - Top Producing Countries
FUG France US Germany
168
Pinot Noir - Aromas
CLERViMSS Cherry Lilac Earth Raspberry Violet Mushroom Strawberry Sandalwood
169
Pinot Noir - Acidity
Med to high
170
Pinot Noir - Tannin
Low to med
171
Pinot Noir - Alcohol
Medium
172
Syrah - Overview
Southern France AUS - Shiraz Inky, dark-flavored, tannic
173
Syrah is Gaining Popularity in...
CA Central Coast Washington South Africa Argentina
174
Syrah - Variety Blending Partners
Southern France - Grenache and Mouverdre Chateauneuf-du-Pape AUS - GSM or Cab Sav
175
Syrah - Well Known Examples
RAP Rhône Valley AUS Paso Robles
176
Syrah - Top Producing Countries
France US AUS
177
Syrah - Aromas
B-BLAST FLEDS Blackberry Black pepper Lavender Anise Smoke Tar Forest floor Leather Earth Dried fruits Smoked meats (well aged)
178
Syrah - Acidity
Low to med
179
Syrah - Tannin
High
180
Syrah - Alcohol
High
181
Zinfandel - Overview
More renown as unique variety of CA Densely pigmented High alcohol Spicy Jammy fruit, raspberry, blackberry, raisin Also made into dry rose
182
Zinfandel - Dr. Carole Meredith
Claims Zin is genetically identical to Italy’s Primotivo and Croatia’s Tribidrag EU has recognized Zin as legal synonym for Primotivo US TTB has not
183
Sangiovese - Overview
Backbone of Chianti As of 1996, Chianti producers making wines with 100% Sangiovese Lightly colored High acidity Sour cherry, orange peel
184
Sangiovese - New World
Blended with Syrah, Merlot, and Cab Sav
185
Nebbiolo - Overview
Sole ingredient of Barolo, Barbaresco, and others produced in Piedmont 100% varietal and some blends Long-lived Highly tannic Benefits from oak and bottle aging
186
Nebbiolo - Flavors and Aromas
BLCT Blackberry Licorice Cherry Tar and roses
187
Tempranillo
Leading grape of Spain
188
Tempranillo - Flavors
Leather Tobacco Chalky dust
189
Tempranillo - Aromas
SCRS Strawberry Currant Red cherry Spice
190
Tempranillo - Rioja
Blended with Mazuelo 100% Tempranillo has become more common
191
Tempranillo - Portugal
Tinta Roriz Aragonez
192
Tempranillo - US
COT CA OR TX
193
Malbec - Overview
Minor French grape Minor component of some Bordeaux blends Main ingredient in the “black wine” of Cahors Dark colored, inky black Achieved stardom in Argentina
194
Malbec - Flavors
Blackberry Plum
195
Malbec - Countries
WALCOCS Washington Argentina Loire Valley CA OR Chile Southwestern France
196
Gamay - Overview
Gamay Noir a Jus Blanc Known primarily for Beaujolais Carbonic maceration
197
Gamay - Aromas
Red cherry Strawberry Banana Red candy
198
Beaujolais Cru
Granite soils Rich, age-worthy Black fruit Raspberry Spice
199
Gamay Also Planted in...
Maconnais Loire Valley Switzerland Used as single variety, also blended with PN l, made into rose
200
Gamay in CA
Grown in CA until early 2000s
201
Napa Gamay
Gamay Beaujolais Unrelated to Gamay Gamay Noir anJus Blanc still planted in CA
202
Alicante Bouschet - Overview
A teinturier Cross of Petite Bouschet and Grenache Red flesh and skin Cultivated by family of Henri Bouschet in 1866 until end of 1900s Became widely planted in Europe and N. America Often used in blends to add body, color intensity to red and rose wines
203
Alicante Bouschet Still Planted in...
Spain Southern France Southern Portugal AUS Central CA
204
Alicante Bouschet in Spain
Granacha Tintorera
205
Significant Red Grapes - Chile
Carminere
206
Significant Red Grapes - France
Carignan Cinsaut Muenier Mourvedre
207
Significant Red Grapes - Germany/Austria
Blauer Portugieser Blaufrankisch Zweigelt
208
Significant Red Grapes - Greece
Agiorgitiko Mavrodaphne Xinomavrn
209
Significant Red Grapes - Italy
Aglianico Barbera Corvina Dolcetto Montepulciano Negroamaro Nero d’ Avola
210
Significant Red Grapes - Portugal
Touriga Franc Touriga Nacional
211
Significant Red Grapes - South Africa
Pinotage
212
Significant Red Grapes - US
Petite Sirah
213
Significant Red Grapes - Uruguay
Tannat
214
Chardonnay Aroma - Cool Climate
Pears
215
Chardonnay Aroma - Warm Climate
Tropical Fruit
216
Chardonnay Aroma - Malolactic Fermentation
Butter
217
Chardonnay Aromas - Oak Aged
Vanilla Butterscotch Caramel Toast
218
Sav Blanc Aroma - Cool Climate
Bell Pepper
219
Sav Blanc Aroma - Warm Climate
Melon
220
Sav Blanc Aroma - Oak Aged
Toast Smoke
221
Sav Blanc Aroma - New Zealand
Gooseberry
222
Sav Blanc Aroma - Loire
Flint
223
Cab Sav Aroma - Cool Climate
Bell Pepper
224
Cab Sav Aroma - New Oak
Tobacco
225
Cab Sav Aroma - Well Aged
Cigar

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