Ch. 3 Gastroenterology

Question 1

oral cavity

Answer 1

mouth

Question 2

mucosa

Answer 2

mucous membrane that produces thin mucous

Question 3

gustatory cortex

Answer 3

brain structure responsible for the perception of taste

Question 4

saliva

Answer 4

lubricant that moistens food as it chewed and swallowed

Question 5

parotid (pah-RAWT-id); sublingual; submandibular

Answer 5

three saliva glands

Question 6

deglutition

Answer 6

swallowing

Question 7

pharynx

Answer 7

a passageway for food as well as for inhaled and exhaled air

Question 8

esophagus

Answer 8

flexible, muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

Question 9

peristalsis

Answer 9

coordinated contractions of the intestine or other canal, creating wave-like movements to move the contents forward

Question 10

stomach

Answer 10

a large, elongated sac in the upper abdominal cavity

Question 11

cardia; fundus; body; pylorus

Answer 11

four regions of stomach

Question 12

rugae

Answer 12

deep folds that expand as the stomach fills with food

Question 13

lower esophageal sphincter (LES); pyloric sphincter

Answer 13

two sphincters that keep food in the stomach

Question 14

chyme (KIME)

Answer 14

semisolid mixture of partially digested food, saliva, digestive enzymes, and fluids of the stomach

Question 15

small intestine (small bowel)

Answer 15

long hollow tube that receives chyme from the stomach

Question 16

duodenum

Answer 16

10-inch, C-shaped segment that begins at the stomach and ends at the jujunum

Question 17

jejunum

Answer 17

the second part of the small intestine, an 8-foot segment

Question 18

ileum

Answer 18

12-foot segment of small intestine where absorption of food and water is completed

Question 19

villi

Answer 19

thousands of small thin structures that project into the lumen

Question 20

lumen

Answer 20

central, open area

Question 21

large intestine (large bowel)

Answer 21

larger (than small intestine) tube than receives undigested material and some water from the small intestine

Question 22

appendix

Answer 22

thin tube that is closed at its distal end

Question 23

haustra

Answer 23

puckered pouches (that can greatly expand as needed

Question 24

colon

Answer 24

longest part of the large intestine

Question 25

ascending colon; transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon

Answer 25

four parts of large intesting

Question 26

rectum

Answer 26

short, straight segment that connects to the outside of the body

Question 27

anus

Answer 27

external opening of the rectum

Question 28

abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 28

body cavity that contains the largest organs (viscera) of the GI system

Question 29

peritoneum (pair*-ih-toh-NEE-um)

Answer 29

double-layer serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 30

peritoneal (pair*-ih-toh-NEE-al)

Answer 30

watery fluid that fills spaces between organs and allows them to slide past each other during movements of digestion

Question 31

omentum

Answer 31

fatty apron that supports the stomach and hangs down to cover and protect the small intestine

Question 32

mesentery

Answer 32

a thick, fan-shaped sheet that supports the jejunum and ileum

Question 33

celiac trunk

Answer 33

artery that supplies the stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Question 34

liver

Answer 34

large, dark red-brown organ

Question 35

hepatocytes

Answer 35

liver cells

Question 36

bile

Answer 36

yellow-green, bitter-tasting, thick fluid produced by the liver

Question 37

bilirubin

Answer 37

yellow pigment in bile

Question 38

biliverdin

Answer 38

green pigment in bile

Question 39

biliary tree

Answer 39

all of the bile ducts collectively

Question 40

gallbladder

Answer 40

teardrop-shaped, dark green sac posterior to the liver

Question 41

pancreas

Answer 41

yellow, somewhat lumpy gland shaped like an elongated triangle

Question 42

cholecystokinin (koh*-lee-sis*toh-KY-nin)

Answer 42

a hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile

Question 43

enzymes

Answer 43

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

Question 44

hydrochloric acid

Answer 44

strong acid of the stomach

Question 45

pepsinogen

Answer 45

converted by HCl to pepsin

Question 46

pepsin

Answer 46

digestive enzyme that breaks down protein foods into large protein molecules

Question 47

gastrin

Answer 47

hormone that stimulates the release of more HCl and pepsinogen

Question 48

uvula

Answer 48

fleshy structure hanging from the soft palate

Question 49

amylase (AM-il-ace)

Answer 49

an enzyme, found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars

Question 50

lipase (LI-pace)

Answer 50

a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down small fat globules into fatty acids

Question 51

lactase

Answer 51

digestive enzyme produced by the small intestine

Question 52

flatus (FLAY-tus)

Answer 52

intestinal gas

Question 53

pharynx

Answer 53

throat; the passageway for both food and inhaled and exhaled air

Question 54

esophagus

Answer 54

flexible, muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach