Ch 3 - Ethics

Question 1

scientific misconduct

Answer 1

falsifies, distorts data, plagarizes the work of others

significant unjustified departures from the generally accepted scientific practices for doing and reporting on research

Question 2

research fraud

Answer 2

occurs when a researcher fakes or invents data that they did not really collect or fails to honestly and fully report how they conducted a study

Question 3

Physical Harm, psychological harm, legal harm

Answer 3

never cause physical harm, anticipate risks and safety concerns, accept moral and legal responsibility for injury

take necessary precautions before inducing anxiety and discomfort

protect from risk of arrest,

Question 4

special populations

Answer 4

1. lack the necessary cognitive competency to give real informed consent,
2. people in a weak position who might compromise their freedom to refuse to participate in a study and
3. groups that have been historically exploited and oppressed.

Question 5

unethical to involve vulnerable people in research unless a researcher meets two minimal conditions

Answer 5

1. legal guardian grants written permission
2. researcher follows all standard ethical principles to protect the participant from harm

Question 6

nuremberg code

Answer 6

Nazi war crimes - cruelty of concentration camp experiments

-voluntary consent
-avoid unnecessary physical mental suffering
-avoid experiment where risk of death disability likely
–termination of research if its continuation is - likely to cause injury, disability, death
-conduct of experiments by highly qualified
people using the highest levels of skill and care
-results aimed at the good of society and that are attainable by other method

Question 7

illegitimate demand from sponsor - researcher has 3 options

Answer 7

1. remain loyal - caving
2. exit - quitting
   - refuse if cannot uphold generally accepted standards of research
3. voice opposition -whistle blower

negotiate conditions for releasing findings prior to beginning the study and sign a contract to that effect

must always reveal funding

Question 8

informed consent

Answer 8

: participants are
* informed about the purpose of the research
* informed about the general procedures of research* guaranteed anonymity and confidentiality
* given opportunity to withdraw at any time
* given opportunity to have summary of findings

Question 9

Guidelines for Ethical Research:

Answer 9

privacy: many social science methods violate people’s
privacy

• anonymity: not disclosing participant’s identify; difficult to do in some circumstances
• confidentiality: researcher may have a person’s information (e.g. name, income), but keeps it secret and protected