Ch. 3 Disparities in Healthcare Flashcards
A nurse working in a primary care facility assesses patients who are experiencing various levels of health and illness. Which statements define these two concepts? Select all that apply.
A) Health and illness are the same for all people.
B) Health and illness are individually defined by each person.
C) People with acute illnesses are actually healthy.
D) People with chronic illnesses have poor health beliefs.
E) Health is more than the absence of illness.
F) Illness is the response of a person to a disease.
b, e, f.
Each person defines health and illness individually, based on a number of factors. Health is more than just the absence of illness; it is an active process in which a person moves toward his or her maximum potential. An illness is the response of the person to a disease
A nurse working in a hospital setting cares for patients with acute and chronic conditions. Which disease states are chronic illnesses? Select all that apply.
A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Bronchial pneumonia
C) Rheumatoid arthritis
D) Cystic fibrosis
E) Fractured hip
F) Otitis media
a, c, d.
Diabetes, arthritis, and cystic fibrosis are chronic diseases because they are permanent changes caused by irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and physiology, and they require patient education along with a long period of care or support. Pneumonia, fractures, and otitis media are acute illnesses because they have a rapid onset of symptoms that last a relatively short time.
Despite a national focus on health promotion, nurses working with patients in inner-city clinics continue to see disparities in health care for vulnerable populations. Which patients are considered vulnerable populations? Select all that apply.
A) A White male diagnosed with HIV
B) An African American teenager who is 6 months pregnant
C) A Hispanic male who has type II diabetes
D) A low-income family living in rural America
E) A middle-class teacher living in a large city
F) A White baby who was born with cerebral palsy
b, c, d, f.
National trends in the prevention of health disparities are focused on vulnerable populations, such as racial and ethnic minorities, those living in poverty, women, children, older adults, rural and inner-city residents, and people with disabilities and special health care needs.
A nurse has volunteered to give influenza immunizations at a local clinic. What level of care is the nurse demonstrating?
A) Tertiary
B) Secondary
C) Primary
D) Promotive
c.
Giving influenza injections is an example of primary health promotion and illness prevention.
A patient in a community health clinic tells the nurse, “I have a high temperature, feel awful, and I am not going to work.” What stage of illness behavior is the patient exhibiting?
A) Stage 1: Experiencing symptoms
B) Stage 2: Assuming the sick role
C) Stage 3: Assuming a dependent role
D) Stage 4: Achieving recovery and rehabilitation
b.
Stage 2: Assuming the sick role. When people assume the sick role, they define themselves as ill, seek validation of this experience from others, and give up normal activities. In stage 1: Experiencing symptoms, the first indication of an illness usually is recognizing one or more symptoms that are incompatible with one’s personal definition of health. The stage of assuming a dependent role is characterized by the patient’s decision to accept the diagnosis and follow the prescribed treatment plan. In the achieving recovery and rehabilitation role, the person gives up the dependent role and resumes normal activities and responsibilities.
Based on the components of the physical human dimension, the nurse would expect which clinic patient to be most likely to have annual breast examinations and mammograms?
A) Jane, whose best friend had a benign breast lump removed
B) Sarah, who lives in a low-income neighborhood
C) Tricia, who has a family history of breast cancer
D) Nancy, whose family encourages regular physical examinations
c.
The physical dimension includes genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and biological sex. These components strongly influence the person’s health status and health practices. A family history of breast cancer is a major risk factor.
Nurses perform health promotion activities at a primary, secondary, or tertiary level. Which nursing actions are considered tertiary health promotion? Select all that apply.
A) A nurse runs an immunization clinic in the inner city.
B) A nurse teaches a patient with an amputation how to care for the residual limb.
C) A nurse provides range-of-motion exercises for a paralyzed patient.
D) A nurse teaches parents of toddlers how to childproof their homes.
E) A school nurse provides screening for scoliosis for the students.
F) A nurse teaches new parents how to choose and use an infant car seat.
b, c.
Tertiary health promotion and disease prevention begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated to reduce disability and to help rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning. These activities include providing ROM exercises and patient teaching for residual limb care. Providing immunizations and teaching parents how to childproof their homes and use an appropriate car seat are primary health promotion activities. Providing screenings is a secondary health promotion activity.
The nurse uses the agent–host–environment model of health and illness to assess diseases in patients. This model is based on what concept?
A) Risk factors
B) Demographic variables
C) Behaviors to promote health
D) Stages of illness
a.
The interaction of the agent, host, and environment creates risk factors that increase the probability of disease.
A nurse incorporates concepts from current models of health when providing health promotion classes for patients. What is a key concept of both the health–illness continuum and the high-level wellness models?
A) Illness as a fixed point in time
B) The importance of family
C) Wellness as a passive state
D) Health as a constantly changing state
d.
Both these models view health as a dynamic (constantly changing state).
A nurse working in a long-term care facility personally follows accepted guidelines for a healthy lifestyle. How does this nurse promote health in the residents of this facility?
A) By being a role model for healthy behaviors
B) By not requiring sick days from work
C) By never exposing others to any type of illness
D) By budgeting time and resources efficiently
a.
Good personal health enables the nurse to serve as a role model for patients and families.
A nurse is caring for a young adult at a
college health clinic. Which of the following
actions should the nurse take first?
A. Give the client information about immunization against meningitis.
B. Tell the client to have a TB skin test every 2 years.
C. Determine the client’s health risks.
D. Teach the client about exercise recommendations.
C. CORRECT: The first action that should be taken using the nursing process is assessment. Talk with the client first to determine what risk factors the client might have before initiating the health promotion and disease prevention measures.
A nurse in a clinic is planning health promotion and disease prevention strategies for a client who has multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.)
A. Help the client see the benefits of their actions.
B. Identify the client’s support systems.
C. Suggest and recommend community resources.
D. Devise and set goals for the client.
E. Teach stress management strategies.
A. CORRECT: Assist the client to recognize the
benefits of their health‑promoting actions while also overcoming barriers to implementing actions.
B. CORRECT: Collect information about who can help the client change unhealthful behaviors, and then suggest steps to have
friends and family to become involved and supportive.
C. CORRECT: Promote the client’s use of any available community or online resources that can help the client progress toward meeting set goals.
D. The nurse and the client should work together to devise and set mutually agreeable goals that are also realistic and achievable.
E. CORRECT: Teach that stress is a contributing factor to cardiovascular disease, as well as many other specific and systemic disorders.
A nurse in a health clinic is caring for a 21‑year‑old client who tells the nurse that their last physical exam was in high school. Which of the following health screenings should the nurse expect the provider to perform for this client?
A. Testicular examination
B. Blood glucose
C. Fecal occult blood
D. Prostate‑specific antigen
A. CORRECT: Starting at puberty, the client should have examinations for testicular cancer, along with blood pressure and body mass index and cholesterol measurements. Testicular cancer is most common in males 15 to 34 years of age.
A nurse at a health department is planning strategies related to heart disease. Which of the following activities should the nurse include as part of primary prevention?
A. Providing cholesterol screening
B. Teaching about a healthy diet
C. Providing information about
antihypertensive medications
D. Developing a list of cardiac rehabilitation programs
B. CORRECT: Primary prevention encompasses strategies that help prevent illness or injury. This level of prevention includes health information about nutrition, exercise, stress management, and protection from injuries and illness.
A nurse at a provider’s office is talking about routine screenings with a 45‑year‑old female client who has no specific family history of cancer or diabetes mellitus. Which of the following client statements indicates that the client understands how to proceed?
A. “So I don’t need the colon cancer procedure for another 2 or 3 years.”
B. “For now, I should continue to have a mammogram each year.”
C. “Because the doctor just did a Pap smear, I’ll come back next year for another one.”
D. “I had my blood glucose test last year, so I won’t need it again for 4 years.”
B. CORRECT: The female client who is between the ages of 45 and 54 should have a mammogram annually.
