Ch. 3 Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
cell membrane
provides isolation, protection, sensitivity, and support; controls entrance and exit of materials
phospholipid bilayer and protein channels
cytosol
fluid component of cytoplasm; intracellular fluid
organelles
structures within cell suspended by cytosol
protein channels
let solute through membrane
phospholipid bilayer
let solvent through membrane
membrane carbohydrates
lubricates and adhesive; tells body it is a cell for the body; forms complex molecules with proteins and lipids
diffusion
molecules moving freely from high concentration to low concentration
passive transport
no ATP required for transport
active transport
ATP required for transport
cytoskeleton
made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
provides strength and support; enables movement of cell structures and materials
microvilli
membrane extension that contain microfilaments
increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials
cilia
membrane extensions that contain microtubules
move materials across surface of cell
flagella
long whip like filament that moves cell through fluid
centrioles
composed of microtubules; cylindrical structure
essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division
carrier mediated transport
use membrane proteins to transport across membrane; can be active or passive
facilitated diffusion
essential nutrient that can’t pass through lipid bilayer and can’t fit through membrane channel passively fit through carrier proteins
endocytosis
materials imported into vesicle of cells; type of vesicular transport
exocytosis
materials taken into vesicle of cell and then brought out
pinocytosis
cells drinking; vesicles fill with extracellular fluid
phagocytosis
cell eating; lysosomes break down solids in Pseudopodia that goes into cells once broken down
Impermeable
unable to pass through
freely permeable
anything can pass through
selectively permeable
select materials get through
osmosis
water molecules moving from low concentration to high concentration
isotonic
same tonicity of body
Ex: Normal saline, D5W
Hypotonic
lower tonicity of body; water flows into cell and can cause burst
lyse
burst of cell from swelling with water
hypertonic
higher tonicity than body; cell loses water
crenation
dehydration of the cell
carrier mediated transport
protein channel has specific receptor that only specific substances can bind to
vesicular transport
small membranous sacs at cell membrane bring solute/solvent into cell
cytoplasm
contains cytosol; fluid within cell
organelles
internal structures of cell that perform specific functions
microvilli
finger shaped projections of cells; increase surface area to perform more fluid exchange
centrioles
cylindrical structure in center of cells that allows DNA strands to move during cell division; tube
cillia
active movement that requires ATP; traps unwanted particles and expels them from cell; hair/fur
flagella
only human cell flagella is sperm;sperm tail
ribosomes
produce protein in cell
free ribosomes
scattered throughout cytoplasm; proteins generated are for entire cell
fixed ribosome
attached to endoplasmic reticulum; protein is made for that specific organelle
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
no fixed ribosome attached; store, synthesize, and transport protein
rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome attached to it; store, synthesize, and transport protein
Golgi apparatus
controls what goes in and out of cell; flat membranous discs
lysosomes
digestive enzymes; perform clean up and recycling in cell and keep things out of cell
mitochondria
provides energy for the cell; energy comes from glycolysis broken down into pyruvic acid and absorbed into mitochondria
nucleus
center of cell controls everything;
types of permeability
semi, non, freely
Interphase
each chromosome in the cell makes an exact copy of itself so that—by the end of interphase—the cell has two identical sets of chromosomes. Each duplicated chromosome consists of two identical chromatids joined together by a centromere
Prophase
chromosomes, which had been thin and threadlike in interphase, begin to condense; nuclear membrane surrounding the cell nucleus disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, and the centrosomes move toward opposite poles of the cell
Metaphase
begins as the chromatids move to a narrow central zone called the metaphase plate; ends when all of the chromatids are aligned in the plane of the metaphase plate
Anaphase
centromere of each chromosome divides in two, and the sister chromatids separate; spindle fibers then pull the sister chromatids away from each other and toward opposite poles of the cell
Telophase
complete set of identical chromosomes is located at each pole of the cell. The mitotic spindle breaks down, and a nuclear membrane begins to form around each set of daughter chromosomes
