Ch. 2 Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
Proton
positive charge
Neutron
no charge
Electron
negative charge
atomic #
number of protons in atom
Isotope
abnormal atom; different number of neutrons
Ionic bond
electron taken from one atom and given to another
Cation
positively charged ion
anion
negatively charged ion
covalent bond
atoms sharing an electron
Non-polar covalent bond
electron is shared equally for atoms to remain electrically neutral
polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electron resulting in slightly positive/negative charges
hydrogen bond
weak attractive forces between atoms and molecules
decomposition reactions
reaction resulting in compound being broke down into smaller parts
synthesis reaction
reaction in which smaller molecules come together to form larger one
catabolism
breakdown of complex molecules within cells
hydrolysis
reaction caused by the addition of water
dehydration synthesis
formation of complex molecules by removal of water
anabolism
building up of new compounds
kinetic energy
energy in motion
potential energy
stored energy
inorganic compounds
no C or H atoms in them
Nutrients
obtained from diet
metabolites
molecules that have been synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies
Organic Compounds
Have both C and H in them
activation energy
energy required to start a reaction
catalyst
enzymes used to speed up reactions
solvent
liquid portion of mixture
solute
substance place in mixture
hydrophobic
substances that don’t dissolve in water
hydrophilic
substances that will dissolve in water and have polarity
osmosis
movement of solvent to balance out a solute evenly
pH 0-6
acidic
pH 7
neutral
pH 8-14
basic
increase in H ion results in
increased acidity
buffers
stabilize pH; remove or replace H ions
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP; form of energy in body; organic compound
ATP gets used and turns into
ADP; Adenosine Diphosphate
surfactants
lower surface tension of liquid; allow it to spread over surface
Exergonic reaction
chemical reaction that releases energy
Endergonic reaction
reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings
pH of blood
7.35-7.45
4 main organic compounds
Carbs, fats(lipids), proteins, nucleic acids
Types of carbs
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
monosaccharides
contain 3-7 carbon atoms; dissolve rapidly; glucose, fructose, glactose
disaccharides
made up of 2 monosaccharides; sucrose, lactose
polysaccharides
more than 2 monosaccharides
lipids
does not contain C, H, O in ratio of 1:2:1
fatty acids, fats, steroids, phospholipids
fatty acids
long carbon chains with H atoms attached ending in carboxyl (-COOH) group
Saturated fats
contain no double C=C bonds
solid at room temp
monosaturated fats
one double C=C bond
liquid at room temp
polysaturated fats
more than one double C=C bond
liquid at room temp
fats
assembly of multiple fatty acids with glycerol
triglycerides
3 fatty acids attached to glycerol head
steroids
large lipids composed of 4 carbon rings
phospholipids
glycerol + 2 fatty acids and organic molecule + phosphate
found in cell membrane
proteins
made up of amino acid chains
amino acids
made up of amino, carboxyl, and variable R group
peptide bond
amino group + carboxyl group which releases an H2O molecule
globular proteins
spherical, hydrophilic proteins
substrate
substances which enzyme acts to form products
nucleic acid
DNA and RNA store and process information within cells
DNA
double helix; Made up of Adenine(A), Thymine(T), Cytosine(C), Guanine(G)
RNA
single helix; made of adenine(A), uracil(U), cytosine(C), guanine(G)
carbon
found in all organic molecules
nitrogen
found in proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds
phosphorus
found in bones and teeth, nucleic acids, and high-energy compounds
calcium
found in bones and teeth; important for membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and blood clotting
hydrogen
component of water and most other compounds in the body
potassium
important for proper membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
sodium
important for membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
chlorine
important for membrane function and water absorption
magnesium
required for activation of several enzymes
sulfur
found in many proteins
iron
essential for oxygen transport and energy capture
iodine
component of hormones of the thyroid gland