ch. 3 Flashcards
What does growth and replacement refer to when considering labor trends?
Growth refers to the need for new workers to meet demands of an occupation beyond the needs that are met by replacing existing workers.
Replacement needs
greatest in occupation with relatively low pay and limited training requirements. They are needed because of workers leaving the market for various reasons. It is estimated that 63% of job openings between 2010-2020 will be because of placement needs. The greatest growth will include office and administrative support, transportation, food preparation, and serving occupations.
Professional specialty areas of growth are
healthcare practitioners, teachers, librarians, and computer programmers and mathematicians.
The U.S. labor market
Serves to fulfill the needs of citizens of a state, a nation, or the world.
Growth
The need for new workers to meet demands of an occupation beyond the needs that are met by replacing existing workers.
How does education impact compensation?
The amount of education is closely related to income and rate of participation. Those with a high school education made less than those with a bachelor’s degree and those with a bachelor’s degree made less than those with a master’s degree. The more education that individuals have the lower the rate of participation in the labor force for their category of education. The unemployment rate for those with a high school education is at 14.5% while those with a bachelor’s degree is at 4.8%.
What information should we present to our clients considering the abundance of labor market information?
It is important to present only highly relevant information to clients, so that they will not be overwhelmed by the data.
What are sociological and economic approaches as perceived for career choice?
Sociology and economics looks at career choices and decisions as a social organizations instead of individuals. Sociologists perceive career choice in terms of status attainment theory, whereas economists prefer to use the human capital model.
How does sociological and economic perspectives differ from counselors?
As career counselors, the application of sociological and economic theories is indirect because they are looking at individual behavior instead of group behavior. Sociologists have examined family, cultural, and other social factors that predict career choice, as well as variables such as unemployment and pay distributions by industry. Economists investigate factors such as unemployment, pay distribution by industry, job title, gender, and race.
How does adolescent worker occupational experiences influence work perspective?
Both psychologists and sociologists studied how societal factors and pressures affect adolescent workers, whether full or part time. Adolescent work patterns show a floundering and uncertainty with varying types of work. Motivation of youths toward work may depend upon SES. Some lower SES youths work to help support the family whereas higher SES students work for spending money and cars.
Many of the jobs for youths are in the lower-level service industries. Studies show that part-time work can have a positive impact and negative impact on future employment. The quality of the job can determine the effects on the youth. For youths who have had economic barriers, part-time work and academic progress predicts educational attainment. Youths in high school that work too many hours per week lead to problem behavior, minor delinquent acts, and alcohol abuse than moderate amounts of work, due in part to finance, family, or other issues. Working even moderate hours can have a negative impact on test scores.
What are youth statistics regarding employment and what indications does it have for the labor market and individual career development?
In youths, the age range is typically 15-24; however, it is not used uniformly. 10.4% of US drop out of high school with only 6% are White, 2.7% are Asian. African Americans dropout rate is 10.4% and Hispanic students at 22.4%.
Youths are more likely than adults to be underemployed. Youth unemployment rate is 14.5%. For those working, median weekly earnings is $433 per week for less than a high school diploma. For high school graduates unemployment rates are 9.6% with a median earnings for those employed at $610 per week. Sometimes employers perceive youths as being more likely to quit, less responsible, and less productive than older workers.
How do youth genders differ in employment considerations?
Girls show a greater commitment to family than do boys. Young women with children had lower levels of education, less secure work, and less of a sense of control over their lives than did women without children. In other cultures, educational aspirations that mothers have for their daughters may be limited if the mother values typical gender values. Women view their jobs more favorably than young men. Women are more likely to help others and have good relationships with their supervisors.
Counselors working in schools should understand it is important to attend to cultural factors that affect the experiences of their young clients. Counselors should discuss attitudes toward work and actual work demands with their young clients. It can be helpful to ask about employer attitudes, new skills, and advancement opportunities for both part time and full time workers.
What work environments impact the perception of career on an individual and how does the type of occupation influence an individual needs and intellectual functioning?
Producing a good product or performing effectively would have an effect on the individual. Kohn and Schooler found that more complex work can help individuals increase their ability to deal effectively with complex intellectual tasks. Conversely, individuals can lose their ability to solve complex problems if they no longer deal with challenging tasks. They showed that unchallenging jobs can lead to a loss of intellectual skills. They also studied “substantive complexity” which they define as “the degree to which the work requires thought and independence.” Job conditions affected the individual’s psychological functioning more than an individual’s psychological functioning affected his or her job.
What is status attainment and human capitol theory?
Status attainment theory concerns issues regarding the relative role of achievement and social status in influencing occupational selection. Most research has been on intergenerational change often referred to as vertical mobility. This theory focuses ON predicting an individual’s occupational role from the father’s occupation. Blau and Ducan found that they could predict the socioeconomic status of an individual’s first job, which would then predict a current job, from the father’s occupation and education. Originated 60 years ago; recent research supports findings their findings that children’s educational expectations are influenced at a very early age by family and other social factors.
Criticisms of status attainment theory include failing to explain later status changes of an individual has begun employment, not including recent data, and not looking at changes in occupational status within a career. It has not paid attention to changing social values that have led to an agreement on the definition of a successful career.
Human capital theory is basically where individuals invest in their own education and training so they will receive a lifetime of earnings. In human capital theory, earnings are seen as a function of ability, education, and training combined with the effort to produce effectively. Education is viewed as an investment and combined with the appropriate job experience will produce the desired income. Individuals are viewed as a firm or company – any expenses will be seen as investments in one’s eventual lifetime.
Criticisms of human capital theory include the primary focus is monetary reward, assumes the labor market is open equally to all workers, and does not account for discrimination. It does not take into account that research shows that minorities take longer time to find jobs than White individuals and have less access to on the job training. Low-income women tend to find jobs through informal contacts and immigrants find that their training in their home countries is not valued.
How does status attainment and human capitol theory influence the client and perspective of the counselor?
Status attainment theory emphasizes the importance of prestige, status of the family, and encouragement to seek higher education. These influences must be discussed and considered when counseling the client.
Human capital theory is focused on career earnings. Clients that cannot afford an education must work which they view as an investment. Education and work are seen as a long-term process. Counselors emphasize the role of interests and abilities in selecting an occupation.
