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Biology 101 > Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

All molecules of life are made of _____ atoms

A

Carbon

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1
Q

Only living things make the four molecules of life:

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
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2
Q

The four types of molecules living things make are ______, which means they consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

Organic

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3
Q

An organic molecule that consists only of hydrogen and carbon atoms

A

Hydrocarbon

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4
Q

Most molecules of life have at least one ______ that imparts a specific chemical property such as polarity or acidity

A

Functional group

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5
Q

All enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules

A

Metbolism

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6
Q

Compound that speeds a reaction without being changed by the reaction

A

Enzyme

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7
Q

Molecules that are subunits of polymers. Ex: and individual brick In a brick wall

A

Monomers

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8
Q

Molecule that consists of multiple monomers ex: the brick wall

A

Polymer

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9
Q

______ reactions build polymers from monomers of simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides

A

Condensation

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10
Q

Reaction that releases monomers by breaking apart polymers

A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Carbohydrate

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12
Q

Three main types of carbohydrates in living systems:

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Oligosaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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13
Q

(One sugar unit) are the simplest type of carbohydrate and are the monomers of carbohydrate polymers

A

Monosaccharides

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14
Q

An ______ is a short chain of covalently bonded monosaccharides

A

Oligosaccharide

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15
Q

Consist of two sugar monomers

A

Disaccharides

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16
Q

Complex carbohydrates, that are straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers. Often hundreds or thousands

A

Polysaccharides

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17
Q

Tough structural components of plants

A

Cellulose

18
Q

Main energy reserve in plants, which store it in roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds

A

Starch

19
Q

The covalent bonding pattern forms highly branched chains of glucose monomers

A

Glycogen

20
Q

Monomers are glucose with nitrogen-containing carbonyl group

A

Chitin

21
Q

Hydrophobic (non-polar) and do not dissolve in water

A

Lipids

22
Q

Types of lipids

A

Fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

23
Q

Lipids with a highly polar phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two non polar hydrophobic fatty-acid tails

A

Phospholipids

24
Q

The structural foundation of all cell membranes

A

Lipid bilayer

25
Q

Water-repellent mixture with long fatty-acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings

A

Wax

26
Q

Lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails. Found in all eukaryotic cell membranes

A

Steroid

27
Q

Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids

A

Proteins

28
Q

Small organic compounds that are the subunits of proteins

A

Amino acids

29
Q

A group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound and imparts a specific chemical property to the molecule

A

Functional group

30
Q

Protein synthesis involve a covalently bonding amino acids into a chain _____ linked by _______

A

Polypeptide, peptide bonds

31
Q

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Primary structure of a protein

A

Polypeptide

32
Q

Bond that joins the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another in a protein

A

Peptide bond

33
Q

Protein structure/organization

A

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure

34
Q

Primary structure is a linear sequence of amino acids joined by _____ bonds forming a polypeptide

A

Peptide

35
Q

Secondary structure is, helix or pleated sheet due to _____ bonding

A

Hydrogen

36
Q

Tertiary structure is due to _____, _____, or _____ bonding among R groups makes a protein a working molecule

A

Covalent, ionic, or hydrogen

37
Q

Quarternary structure is a combination of _______, most enzymes have quarternary structure

A

More than one peptide

38
Q

A proteins structure dictates its function, so if a protein ______, it loses it’s function and can not do its job

A

Denatures

39
Q

A protein means to unravel the shape of a protein or other large biologic molecule

A

Denature

40
Q

Diseases that are the result of misfiled proteins

A

Prion

41
Q

Are an infectious protein or misfolded protein

A

Prions

42
Q

Are single or double stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds such as DNA

A

Nucleic acids

43
Q

The monomers of nucleic acids and have a five-carbon sugar, nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group

A

Nucleotides

Biology 101 (4 decks)

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