Ch. 3 Flashcards
All molecules of life are made of _____ atoms
Carbon
Only living things make the four molecules of life:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
The four types of molecules living things make are ______, which means they consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Organic
An organic molecule that consists only of hydrogen and carbon atoms
Hydrocarbon
Most molecules of life have at least one ______ that imparts a specific chemical property such as polarity or acidity
Functional group
All enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules
Metbolism
Compound that speeds a reaction without being changed by the reaction
Enzyme
Molecules that are subunits of polymers. Ex: and individual brick In a brick wall
Monomers
Molecule that consists of multiple monomers ex: the brick wall
Polymer
______ reactions build polymers from monomers of simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides
Condensation
Reaction that releases monomers by breaking apart polymers
Hydrolysis
Molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrate
Three main types of carbohydrates in living systems:
- Monosaccharides
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
(One sugar unit) are the simplest type of carbohydrate and are the monomers of carbohydrate polymers
Monosaccharides
An ______ is a short chain of covalently bonded monosaccharides
Oligosaccharide
Consist of two sugar monomers
Disaccharides
Complex carbohydrates, that are straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers. Often hundreds or thousands
Polysaccharides
Tough structural components of plants
Cellulose
Main energy reserve in plants, which store it in roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds
Starch
The covalent bonding pattern forms highly branched chains of glucose monomers
Glycogen
Monomers are glucose with nitrogen-containing carbonyl group
Chitin
Hydrophobic (non-polar) and do not dissolve in water
Lipids
Types of lipids
Fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids
Lipids with a highly polar phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two non polar hydrophobic fatty-acid tails
Phospholipids
The structural foundation of all cell membranes
Lipid bilayer
Water-repellent mixture with long fatty-acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings
Wax
Lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails. Found in all eukaryotic cell membranes
Steroid
Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids
Proteins
Small organic compounds that are the subunits of proteins
Amino acids
A group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound and imparts a specific chemical property to the molecule
Functional group
Protein synthesis involve a covalently bonding amino acids into a chain _____ linked by _______
Polypeptide, peptide bonds
Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Primary structure of a protein
Polypeptide
Bond that joins the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another in a protein
Peptide bond
Protein structure/organization
Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure
Primary structure is a linear sequence of amino acids joined by _____ bonds forming a polypeptide
Peptide
Secondary structure is, helix or pleated sheet due to _____ bonding
Hydrogen
Tertiary structure is due to _____, _____, or _____ bonding among R groups makes a protein a working molecule
Covalent, ionic, or hydrogen
Quarternary structure is a combination of _______, most enzymes have quarternary structure
More than one peptide
A proteins structure dictates its function, so if a protein ______, it loses it’s function and can not do its job
Denatures
A protein means to unravel the shape of a protein or other large biologic molecule
Denature
Diseases that are the result of misfiled proteins
Prion
Are an infectious protein or misfolded protein
Prions
Are single or double stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds such as DNA
Nucleic acids
The monomers of nucleic acids and have a five-carbon sugar, nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group
Nucleotides
