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MIDS 137 > Ch 2b (embryo development) + 2c (menstrual cycle) > Flashcards

Ch 2b (embryo development) + 2c (menstrual cycle) Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for mullerian ducts?

A

Paramesonephric (think females)

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2
Q

Another name for wolffian ducts?

A

Mesonephric ducts (think males)

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3
Q

What does hypothalamus release?

A

GnRH

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4
Q

What does anterior pituitary release?

A

FSH + LH

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5
Q

What do the ovaries release?

A

Estrogen + progesterone

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6
Q

What is carnegie staging?

A

Method to classify embryo into categories based off age, size + morphologic characteristics

(23 stages of fetal development)

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7
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates ovarian follicle growth + maturation, estrogen secretion + endometrial changes

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8
Q

What does LH do?

A

Causes ovulation and secretion of androgens + progesterone

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9
Q

Why do we use a capillary to capillary connection?

A

It makes interactions happen really quickly

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10
Q

What 2 systems are apart of the genitourinary system?

A

-Reproductive
-Urinary

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11
Q

What is embryogenesis?

A

Embryo development

(strong relationship b/w urinary + reproductive systems - anomalies in one system can result in coexisting malformations in the other)
Ex. if right kidney is gone, right ovary is gone.

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12
Q

What structures develop during the first 8 weeks of the carnegie staging?

A

Development of organs (organogenesis)

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13
Q

At what week does carnegie staging end?

A

At end of the 8th week when fetal period begins (goes from embryo to fetus)

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14
Q

At what week does carnegie staging start?

A

Applies to first 8 weeks of gestation (23 stages)

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15
Q

At what week is the pre-embryonic phase?

A

First 4 weeks

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16
Q

At what week is the embryonic phase?

A

Week 4-8

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17
Q

At what week is the fetal development phase?

A

Over 8 weeks

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18
Q

What happens in the pre-embryonic phase?

A

-gender is determined from fusion of sperm + egg (1st carnegie stage)
-XX female
-XY male

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19
Q

Name of female gamete?

A

Ovum (23 chromosomes)

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20
Q

Name of male gamete?

A

Spermatozoon (23 chromosomes)

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21
Q

How many chromosomes does each zygote have?

A

46, 23 pairs

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22
Q

What happens in week 6 of the embryonic phase?

A

Primordial germ cells move from YS into fetal pole + invade gonadal ridges (stage 17 carnegie)

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23
Q

What are primordial germ cells?

A

They express female or male characteristics

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24
Q

When are primordial germ cells seen in carnegie stage?

A

Stage 6

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25
What are gonadal ridges + where are they located?
-Precursors to ovaries/testes -Located on anteromedial sides of mesonephros (where kidneys develop)
26
What are primitive sex cords/rete + where are they located?
-Establishes the 1st urogenital connection in the embryo (due to connection b/w gonadal ridges + mesonephros as it forms 1 system) -Located on lateral side of mesonephros
27
Where do the urinary and reproductive systems drain into?
Cloaca
28
What develops lateral to the gonadal ridges?
Mesonephros (wolffian bodies/kidneys) + mesonephric ducts (wolffian ducts)
29
What happens to the primitive sex cords in male + females?
Males: becomes rete testes Females: degenerates
30
What is week 7 in the embryonic phase called?
The indifferent gonad stage (can't differentiate b/w male + female)
31
What happens to the mullerian ducts in males + females during week 7?
Males: degenerates Females: turns into uterus + fallopian tubes
32
What do cortical cords (Pluger's tubules) in females develop into once they split?
Eggs/oogonia
33
What 2 ducts fuse together at midline to form the uterovaginal canal?
The 2 mullerian ducts
34
What happens at week 13 in fetal development?
We can see mullerian ducts on either side of body fusing together at the bottom. The unfused top parts are the fallopian tubes. The fused bottom part is the endo canal with the uterus around that.
35
What do the mullerin ducts create in week 13?
Top third of vag, cervix, uterus + tubes
36
How does the vagina develop?
Upper region from mullerian ducts, lower region from urogenital sinus
37
What is the urogenital sinus?
Ventral half of primitive cloaca (hindgut)
38
What does the upper portion of urogenital sinus create?
Urinary bladder
39
What are the 2 portions of the lower portion of the urogenital sinus called?
Pars pelvina: forms part vag Pars phallica: forms external genitalia (think pelvina = vagina)
40
What is the structure called that separates the urogenital sinus from the vag?
The hymen (thin tissue)
41
At what week does the external genitalia develop?
Week 9
42
What day of gestation is gonadal gender determined in males/females?
Males: 44th day, stage 18 carnegie Females: 49th day, stage 20 carnegie
43
What does the genital tubercle become?
The primordial phallus Females: clitoris Males: penis
44
Which hormone promotes development of female genitalia?
Estrogen
45
By what day is the external genitalia completely formed?
By 56 days, stage 23 carnegie
46
How is the labia minora formed?
From labioscrotal/urogenital folds
47
How is the labia majora formed?
From nonfused labioscrotal folds
48
What is the menstrual cycle?
Series of changes to endo in prep for fertilized ovum. If not fertilized, lining of endo sheds during menstruation.
49
What is known as the control center of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
50
What does the hypothalamus do?
-homeostasis -monitors blood temp -in charge of appetite -stimulates/regulates menstrual cycle
51
Location of hypothalamus?
Superior to pituitary gland in brain
52
What does the hypophyseal portal system do?
Allows rapid communication b/w hypothalamus + anterior pituitary gland (uses capillary to capillary connection)
53
What type of hormones are FSH + LH considered?
Gonadotropic hormones
54
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
-Estrogen -Progesterone -Bit of testosterone
55
What do ovarian endocrine functions control?
Female body characteristics: -breasts -body shape -body hair -regulates menstrual cycle -pregnancy
56
What hormone causes the endo to thicken before ovulation?
Estrogen
57
What does LH control?
-duration + progression of menstrual cycle -ovulation (maturing the graafian follicle) -prep uterus for implantation -controls production of estrogen + progesterone
58
What is the LH surge?
Sharp rise in LH which triggers ovulation (day 14)
59
What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?
Estrogen + large amounts of progesterone (P supports implantation if it occurs)
60
What does estrogen do?
-Regulates growth, development of female body characteristics + function of reproductive system -Helps promote blood clotting + minimize loss of calcium from bones -Thickens endo before ovulation (main source from the ovaries)
61
What does progesterone mainly do to the body?
-Prepares body for pregnancy + supports it until birth -Supports corpus luteum before placenta forms
62
Some functions of progesterone?
-prepares endo for implantation -blocks development of new follicles -modifies cervical mucus
63
Is the hormone feedback loop + or - ?
Negative, except it is positive for 6-8 hours during ovulation to promote pregnancy
64
3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
-Follicular -Ovulatory -Luteal
65
When does meiosis occur in life?
Starts in fetus, then resumes approx 12 years later when puberty begins
66
Where does the 1st + 2nd meiotic division occur?
1st: just before oocyte releases from ovary 2nd: upon fertilization, occurs in fallopian tube right after ovulation
67
Where are oocytes located?
In follicles
68
What is the follicular stage known as?
Preovulatory stage (starts when period begins)
69
What causes menstrual bleeding to start?
Low levels of estrogen + progesterone
70
When does estrogen peak in the follicular phase?
At the very end
71
SF of follicular phase?
Appears as multiple small anechoic cysts/follicles, closer to ovulation 1-2 large dominant follicles may be present
72
What surge occurs in the ovulatory phase?
The LH + FSH surge (very high levels), to cause follicle to rupture out
73
Is fluid in the posterior cul de sac common around time of ovulation?
Yes!
74
What is mittelschmerz?
Pain on the same side as ovulation
75
Main hormone associated with luteal phase?
Progesterone
76
How long does a corpus luteum last after ovulation?
12-14 days unless it receives hCG from developing embryo
77
How old are girls when the female reproductive years begin?
11-13 years old with start of period
78
When does menopause occur?
40-55 years old
79
Average range days for cycles?
Anywhere from 21-35 days Polymenorrhea: cycle less than 21 days Oligomenorrhea: cycle greater than 35 days
80
3 phases of menstrual cycle?
-Menses (bleeding) -Proliferative (no bleeding) -Secretory (ovulation)
81
What layers of the endo are shed during menses?
The stratum compactum + stratum spongiosum = functional layer of endo (NOT the stratum basal)
82
What is the triple line sign?
Thick endo (5-11mm) in proliferative + late follicular phases on day 13. Shows the 3 layers of the endo on u/s.
83
If fertilization occurs, when would the blastocyst implant in the endo after ovulation?
7 days after ovulation
84
Difference b/w primary + secondary amenorrhea?
Primary: when menarche does not occur in a girl aged 16 Secondary: when have started menstruation but has had 3 absent periods or 6 months
85
What is premature ovarian failure (POF)?
Primary ovarian defect with lack of menarche (primary amenorrhea) or premature depletion of follicles before 40 y/o (secondary amenorrhea)
86
Do women with PCOS ovulate?
No (they have infrequent periods)
87
SF of postmenopausal ovary?
-decrease in ovarian size -absent follicles -hypoechoic, well defined, echo complex
88
Why do women take hormone replacement therapy?
Relieves symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, vag dryness, mood swings + difficulty sleeping
89
Are there any negative effects while taking HRT?
If on it for over 5 years it increases chance of cancers, heart disease, stroke + pulmonary embolism
90
Endo thickness for postmenopausal women?
Thin, less than 4-5mm

MIDS 137 (14 decks)

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