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1D > Ch. 29 Vital Signs > Flashcards

Ch. 29 Vital Signs Flashcards

0
Q

basic metabolic rate (BMR)

A

rate of energy utilization in the body required to maintain essential activities such as breathing

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1
Q

core temperature

A

consists of deep tissues of body. ex. abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

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2
Q

what lowers metabolic rate?

A

muscle activity
thyroxine output
epinephrine, norepinephrine, sympathetic stimulation/stress response
fever

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3
Q

(form of heat loss)-radiation:

A

transfer of heat from surface of one object to surface of another WITHOUT contact via infrared rays

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4
Q

(form of heat loss)-conduction:

A

transfer of heat from one molecule to another of LOWER temperature. contact is NECESSARY

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5
Q

(form of heat loss)-convection:

A

dispersion of heat by air currents

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6
Q

(form of heat loss)-evaporation:

A

continuous vaporization of moisture from respiratory tract and from the mucosa of the mouth and from the skin. UNNOTICED

insensible water loss
insensible HEAT loss- accounts for 10% of basal heat loss

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7
Q

factors affecting body temperature:

A

age

diurnal variations(circadian rhythms)- highest temp 1600-1800hours; lowest point 0600-0800hours

exercise

hormones

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8
Q

pyrexia

A

body temperature above normal range, also called HYPERthermia

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9
Q

hyperpyrexia

A

a very high fever. ex. 41 degress C (105.8F)

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10
Q

febrile/afebrile

A

client who has a fever/one who does not have a fever

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11
Q

intermittent fever

A

body temperature alternates at regular intervals between periods of fever and periods of normal temp.

ex. malaria

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12
Q

remittent fever

A

wide range of temperature fluctuations (more than 2 degrees) occurs over a 24 hr period, all of which ARE above normal

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13
Q

relapsing fever

A

short febrile periods of a few days are interspersed with periods of 1 or 2 days of normal temp.

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14
Q

constant fever

A

body temperature fluctuates minimally but ALWAYS remains above normal

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15
Q

fever spike

A

a temperature that rises to fever level rapidly following a normal temperature and then returns to normal within a few hours

ex. bacterial blood infections often cause fever spikes

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16
Q

heat exhaustion

A

result of excessive heat and dehydration

paleness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fainting, MODERATELY increased temperature

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17
Q

heat stroke

A

exercising in hot weather, have warm, flushed skin and often DO NOT sweat. Usually temperature of 41.1C (106F) or higher

delirious, unconscious, possible seizures

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18
Q

3 phases of fever:

A

onset (cold or chill phase)
course (plateau phase)
defervescence (fever abatement/flush phase)

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19
Q

sites for body temperature measurement (5):

A 
oral
rectal
axillary
tympanic membrane
temporal artery
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20
Q

convert Celsius to Fahrenheit:

A

multiply celsius reading by 9/5 than add 32

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21
Q

convert Fahrenheit to Celsius:

A

deduct 32 from fahrenheit reading then multiply by 5/9

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22
Q

pulse

A

a wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle to the heart

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23
Q

compliance (of arteries)

A

their ability to contract and expand

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24
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped into the arteries by the heart and equals the result of the stroke volume(SV) times the heart rate(HR) per minute

ex. 65 ml X 70 bpm = 4.55 L/minute

25
Q

pulse sites(9):

A 
temporal
carotid
apical
brachial
radial
femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial
dorsalis pedis
26
Q

factors affecting pulse(6):

A 
age
sex
exercise
fever
medications (ex. digitalis preparations)
hypovolemia/dehydration
27
Q

pulse volume:

A

pulse strength or amplitude, refers to force of blood with each beat

28
Q

apical-radial pulse

A

need to be assessed for certain cardiovascular disorders.

*normal should be identical/apical > radial can idicate thrust of blood from heart is too weak for wave to be felt at peripheral pulse site, or can indicate vascular disease which is preventing impulses from being transported

29
Q

pulse deficit

A

any discrepancy between the two pulse rates

  • report immediately
30
Q

2 types of breathing

A

costal (thoracic) breathing

diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing

31
Q

where are respirations controlled?

A

respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons of brain

chemoreceptors located in medulla and peripherally in the carotid and aortic bodies

32
Q

what to assess for respirations?

A

rate
rhythm
depth
quality

33
Q

bradypnea

A

abnormally slow respirations

34
Q

tachypnea/polypnea

A

abnormally fast respirations

35
Q

apnea

A

absence of breathing

36
Q

factors increasing respirations:

A

exercise
stress
environmental temperatures
lowered oxygen concentration at increased altitudes

37
Q

factors decreasing respirations

A 
decreased environmental temperature
certain medications (narcotics)
increased intracranial pressure
38
Q

tidal volume

A

how much volume of air is being taken in

39
Q

how is effectiveness of oxygen respirations measured?

A

uptake of oxygen from the air into the blood and the release of carbon dioxide from the blood expired into the air

ex. pulse oximeter

40
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult and labored breathing

41
Q

orthopnea

A

ability to only breathe in upright sitting or standing position

42
Q

stridor

A

a shrill, harsh sound heard during inspiration with laryngeal onstruction

43
Q

stertor

A

snoring or sonorous respiration, usually due to a partial obstruction of upper airway

44
Q

wheeze

A

continuous, high pitched musical squeak or whistling sound occurring on expiration and sometimes on inspiration when air moves through a narrowed or partially obstructed airway

45
Q

bubbling

A

gurgling sounds heard as air passes through moist secretions in the respiratory tract

46
Q

hemyptysis

A

presence of blood in the sputum

47
Q

arterial blood pressure

A

measure of the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries

48
Q

systolic pressure

A

pressure of the blood as a result of contraction of the ventricles, that is, pressure of the height of blood wave

49
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure when ventricles are at rest

*bottom number

50
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between the diastolic and systolic pressures

*normal = about 40mmHg, but can be as high as 100mmHg during exercise

51
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

arteries lose much of their ability to constrict and dilate (become hardened)

52
Q

determinants of blood pressure

A

pumping action of heart
peripheral vascular resistance
blood volume
blood viscosity

53
Q

hematocrit

A

proportion of red blood cells to plasma

*viscosity (thickness) increases when hematocrit is more than 60-65%

54
Q

factors affecting blood pressure:

A 
age
exercise
stress
race
sex
medications
obesity
diurnal variations
medical conditions
temperature
55
Q

normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

56
Q

“direct” method of checking blood pressure?

A

invasive and involves the insertion of a catheter into the brachial, radial, or femoral artery

57
Q

“non-direct” method for checking blood pressure?

A 
auscultatory method (most common)
palpatory method
58
Q

korotkoff’s sounds

A

phase 1- a sharp tapping
phase 2- a swishing or wooshing sound
phase 3- a thump softer than the tapping in phase 1
phase 4- a softer blowing muffled sound that fades
phase 5- silence

59
Q

oxygen saturation

A

the percent of all hemoglobin binding sites that are occupied by oxygen

1D (4 decks)

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