Ch 29 Larynx & Trachea

Question 1

Which muscle represents the cranial esophageal sphincter?

Answer 1

cricopharyngeus

Question 2

Visibility of the trachealis membrane dorsally indicates an abnormality - True or False?

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

In __________, a visible dorsal tracheal membrane is unlikely to be responsible for clinical signs.

Answer 7

large-breed and asymptomatic small-breed dogs

Question 8

Technique parameters for radiography of the pharyngolaryngeal region

Answer 8

Question 9

What happens to the trachea with cervical ventroflexion?

Answer 9

focal dorsal displacement of the trachea (can mimic a mediastinal mass)

Question 10

What is the likely position of the neck?

Answer 10

ventroflexion

Question 11

What can extreme extension of the neck do to the appearance of the trachea on radiographs?

Answer 11

tracheal narrowing

Question 12

Which positioning ‘‘error’’ can cause tracheal narrowing?

Answer 12

extreme cervical extension

Question 13

The trachea curves slightly left/right of midline on DV.

Answer 13

right

Question 14

normal or abnormal (trachea)

Answer 14

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

in cats,, what are the 2 most common pharyngolaryngeal mural neoplasias and what area do they involve?

Answer 16

Question 17

Which canine pharyngeal neoplasia (and specific area) is most common?

Answer 17

Question 18

Answer 18

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

What are the most common laryngeal tumors in dogs?

Answer 20

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

Ectopic thyroid carcinoma affects which laryngeal bone?

Answer 22

basihyoid

Question 23

radiographic findings of ectopic thyroid carcinoma of basihyoid bone

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Question 25

Answer 25

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

Answer 28

Question 29

Which non-BOAS dog breed has a syndrome with laryngeal narrowing and supra-arytenoid swelling (redundancy of supra-arytenoid folds)?

Answer 29

Norwich terriers

Question 30

Is epiglottic retroversion a primary or secondary disease?

Answer 30

Question 30

Which imaging modality is best for dg pharyngeal collapse?

Answer 30

Question 30

which conditions are associated with pharyngeal collapse?

Answer 30

tracheal / bronchial collapse
Brachy syndrome

Question 30

what might be the cause of pharyngeal collapse in a cat?

Answer 30

asthma

Question 31

Answer 31

Question 31

nasopharyngeal stenosis is more common in dogs/cats?

Answer 31

cats

Question 31

etiology of nasopharyngeal stenosis

Answer 31

upper resp inflammation/infection e.g. viral rhinotracheitis
following surgery

Question 32

Which etiology and signalment occurs in dogs with nasopharyngeal stenosis?

Answer 32

primary/congenital palato-pharyngeal dysgenesis in dachshunds

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

causes of pharyngitis / laryngitis

Answer 34

• edema in respiratory distress (brachy)
• infectious: kennel cough (infectious tracheobronchitis), FHV-1 (feline herpes / viral rhinotracheitis)
• toxic: dumb canes (dieffenbachia)
• oral cavity infection
• caustic ingestion

Question 35

what (usually) causes ventral displacement of the carina?

Answer 35

Question 36

Tracheal masses are common/uncommon and usually benign/malignant.

Answer 36

uncommon and benign

Question 37

What are the most common canine tracheal mural masses?

Answer 37

Question 38

Tracheal osteochondroma occurs in which signalment?

Answer 38

young dogs

Question 39

Which feline parasite can cause tracheal granulomas and where?

Answer 39

aberrant tracheal Cuterebra migration

Question 39

Which canine parasite can cause tracheal granulomas and where?

Answer 39

Question 40

Malignant tracheal tumours?

Answer 40

Question 41

Which tracheal masses tend to mineralise?

Answer 41

Those of cartilaginous origin e.g. osteochondroma

Question 42

Answer 42

Question 43

Wheredo aspirated foreign bodies lodge within the trachea?

Answer 43

at the carina

Question 44

Answer 44

Question 45

Answer 45

Question 46

why are patients not rotated without disconnecting the tube?

Answer 46

can cause tracheal rupture

Question 47

A pseudoairway typically occurs following which injury?

Answer 47

tracheal avulsion

but can occur with rupture

Question 48

Answer 48

Question 49

How does tracheal avulsion occur?

Answer 49

Question 50

When do tracheal avulsion patients present?

Answer 50

often 1-3 weeks following the trauma, after which emphysema and pneumomediastinum have resolved

Question 51

Where does the trachea normally avulse?

Answer 51

1 to 4 cm cranial to the carina

Question 52

Answer 52

Question 53

Tracheal lumen at the margins of an avulsed trachea are usually dilated/stenotic.

Answer 53

stenotic

Question 54

cause of tracheal hypoplasia?

Answer 54

Question 55

what percentage of BOAS dogs have tracheal hypoplasia?

Answer 55

approx. 39%

Question 56

in what percentage of dogs is tracheal hypoplasia an incidental finding?

Answer 56

10%

Question 57

what is the average tracheal diameter to thoracic inlet ratio of bulldogs?

Answer 57

13% +/- 4%

more recent paper on 32 asymptomatic EB’s - 17% rads / 26% CT

Question 58

what is the smallest recorded tracheal diameter to thoracic inlet ratio in asymptomatic bulldogs?

Answer 58

9%

Question 59

what is the average tracheal diameter to thoracic inlet ratio of (non-bulldog) brachycephalics? e.g. pugs

Answer 59

16% +/- 3%

Question 60

what is the average tracheal diameter to thoracic inlet ratio of non-brachy dogs?

Answer 60

20% +/- 3%

Question 61

The ratio between tracheal diameter and cricoid cartilage height is smaller / larger for brachycephalic breeds.

Answer 61

smaller

Question 62

Tracheal diameter to thoracic inlet ratio in cats?

Answer 62

18% in DSH, 20% in Persians

Question 63

Tracheal hypoplasia has been reported in a kitten with

Answer 63

mucopolysaccharidosis VII

Question 64

Which tracheal change has been reported in a kitten with MPS VII?

Answer 64

Tracheal hypoplasia

Question 65

Signalment for tracheal collapse

Answer 65

middle age - old
small & toy breed dogs

Question 66

In which respiratory phase does dynamic intrathoracic tracheal collapse occur?

Answer 66

expiratory

Question 67

is tracheal collapse always dynamic?

Answer 67

no, can be static

Question 68

In which respiratory phase does dynamic cervical (including thoracic inlet) tracheal collapse occur?

Answer 68

inspiratory

Question 69

What effect does coughing have on intrathoracic tracheal collapse?

Answer 69

exacerbates it, due to the increase in intrathoracic pressure

Question 70

How does a chronic cough worsen tracheal collapse?

Answer 70

the inflammation causes further chondromalacia

Question 71

What is a possible sequel to cervical tracheal collapse?

Answer 71

laryngeal collapse and upper respiratory edema

Question 72

Answer 72

Question 73

Answer 73

Question 74

Which modality has greatest agreement with bronchoscopy for tracheal collapse?

Answer 74

fluoroscopy

Question 75

What are the phases of fluoro study of tracheal collapse?

Answer 75

Question 76

Which bronchi are most commonly collapsed on bronchoscopy with this condition?

Answer 76

R middle
L cranial

Question 77

When is bronchial collapse easiest to see / diagnose?

Answer 77

Fluoro with an induced cough

Question 78

which techniques can help improve detection of bronchial collapse?

Answer 78

• performing fluoro in RL and LL
• sternal recumbency

Question 79

Which technique might help in diagnosing bronchial collapse in very small patients?

Answer 79

dynamic digital radiography

• increases patient those, though

Question 80

What is the normal variation of tracheal diameter during the respiratory cycle?

Answer 80

up to 25% of the diameter

Question 81

In CT, what is the normal variation in tracheal CROSS SECTIONAL AREA and HEIGHT, during the resp cycle (not tracheal collapse disease)?

Answer 81

24% CT cross sectional area and 19% variation in height

Question 82

In tracheal / bronchial chondromalacia and collapse, collapse of the principal bronchi would occur during which phase of the respiratory cycle?

Answer 82

expiration

Question 83

In which respiratory phase would you see dynamic herniation of the lung lobe?

Answer 83

expiration

Question 84

Why would lungs herniate during expiration and not inspiration?

Answer 84

Air that enters the lungs during inspiration, cannot be expelled due to collapse of the bronchi, and so when the thoracic cavity becomes smaller during expiration, and the lungs are the same volume instead of smaller, they herniate for the lack of space.

Question 85

Answer 85

Question 86

In what percentage of dogs does the thoracic trachea have dorsal kinking due to complete air way obstruction during expiration or cough?

Answer 86

39%

Question 87

What is examined during follow-up radiographs after tracheal stent placement?

Answer 87

• fracture or migration of the stent
• excessive granulation at stent edges
• subsequent collapse at unstented locations

Question 88

Etiology of tracheal collapse in cats

Answer 88

Question 89

Answer 89

Question 90

Radiographic signs of upper airway obstruction (9 + 2 possible complications)

Answer 90

Question 91

In which 2 neoplasias does hyoid bone lysis occur?

Answer 91

ectopic thyroid carcinoma (basihyoid)

tonsillar SCC

Question 92

What is the most common location of pharyngeal neoplasia (and which neoplasia)?

Answer 92

tonsillar fossa of the oropharynx, SCC

*can be bilateral

Question 93

Which findings of the pharynx may occur in feline acromegaly?

Answer 93

mucosal proliferation

Question 94

Answer 94

D

Question 95

Answer 95

A

Question 96

Answer 96

C; Laryngeal collapse occurs in LL direction so not visible on LL rads unless severe

Question 97

Answer 97

A

Question 98

Answer 98

B

Question 99

Answer 99

B

Question 100

Answer 100

C

Question 101

Answer 101

D

Question 102

Answer 102

A, then C, also MCT, melanoma, plasma cell tumour, oncocytoma

Question 103

Answer 103

D

Question 104

Answer 104

C, and cats

Question 105

Answer 105

A

Question 106

Answer 106

A (caudal displacement is correct)

Question 107

Answer 107

B

Question 108

Answer 108

C

Question 109

Answer 109

A

Question 110

Answer 110

B

Question 111

Answer 111

B

Question 112

Answer 112

C

Question 113

What is the difference in measurement of the trachea on radiographs vs. CT?

Answer 113

Question 114

What can US of the larynx tell us regarding laryngeal paralysis?

Answer 114

Question 115

What are underlying causes of lar par?

Answer 115

Question 116

Which breeds are overrepresented for LarPar?

Answer 116

hereditary - bouvier des flandres
otherwise - retrievers (lab, golden, flat coated)