Ch. 29 Flashcards
virulence
-ability to produce disease; their ability to enter and survive in a host.
Immunocompromised
- has an impaired immune system
reservoir
- where microorganism survive and multiply and await transfer to a susceptible host.
Direct
-person to person( fecal or oral) physical contact between source and susceptible host
Indirect
person to object
- needles or sharp objects, dressing and environment
Droplet
particles that travel 3 feet during coughing, sneezing or talking
-MRSA AND C-DIFF
Airborne
- droplet nuclei pr residue or evaporated droplets suspended in air during coughing or sneezing
localized infection
- wound infection
- symptoms: pain, tenderness, warmth, and redness
systemic infection
effects entire body and can become fatal if untreated
course of infection by stage
- incubation period
- prodromal period
- illness stage
- convalescence
Incubation period
- interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptom.
Prodromal stage
interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms(malaise, low grade fever, fatigue) to more specific symptoms.
- microorganisms multiply and spreading of disease to others
Illness stage
-manifestation of S&S specific to type of interaction
Convalescence
- acute symptoms of infection disappear
Normal Floras
- participate in maintaining health
Broad spectrum antibiotics
acts against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria
Suprainfection
Developed when broad spectrum antibiotics eliminate wide range of normal flora organisms
Natural defense Mechanisms against infection
cont…
skin
1. intact multilayered surface
Action: provides barrier to micro organisms
Factors that may affect: cuts, abrasions, puncture wounds, areas of macerations
Mouth
- intact multilayered mucosa
- saliva
- Action:mechanical barrier to microorganisms
- Factors: lacerations, trauma extracted teeth - Action: washes away particles that have microorganisms
- Factors: poor oral hygiene, dehydration
Eye
1. tearing and blinking
Action: blinking prevents microorganism from entering, tearing washes away pathogenic particles.
- Factors: injury, exposure
- splash of blood or infectious material in eye
Respiratory Tract
1. Cilia lining upper airy way, coated by mucus
action: traps inhales microbes and sweeps them outward of mucus to be swallowed
- Factors: smoking, High O2 & CO2, cold air
Urinary tract
1. flushing action of urinary flow
- Action: washes away microorganism on lining of bladder
Factors: Urinary catheter placement, obstruction from growth of tumor, delayed micturition
GI
1. acidity of gastric secretions
Action: prevents retention of bacterial contents
Factors: Administration of Antacids
Vagina
1. At puberty normal flora causing vaginal secretions to achieve pH
Action inhibit growth of many microorganisms
Factors: Antibiotics and oral contraceptives disrupting normal flora
Exogenous infection
- microorganisms found outside the body such as salmonella, Clostridium tetani.
Endogenous infection
- inside the body, flora becomes alter and overgrowth occurs
Iatrogenic infection
- caused by invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
Vector Transmission
- external mechanical transfer(flies)
- internal transmission such as
- mosquito(malaria)
- louse
- flea
- tick
Vehicles Transmission
- contaminated items
- water
- drugs
- blood
- food
E.coli
Reservoir: colon
infections/disease: gastroenteritis, UTI
Staph aureus
Reservoir: Skin, hair,, nails, mouth
Infection/disease: wound infection, pneumonia, food poisoning and cellulitis
staph( beta-hemolytic-group A)
Reservoir: oropharynx, skin, perianal area
I/D: strep throat, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, impetigo, wound infection
Nesseria Ghonorrhea
Reservoir: GU, rectum, mouth
I/D: Ghonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, infectious arthritis and conjunctivitis
Hep A
- feces
- Hep A
Hep B
Reservoir: Blood & certain body fluids, sexual contact
I/D: Hep B
Hep C
Reservoir: Blood & certain body fluids, sexual contact
I/D: Hep C
Medical aspesis
- hand washing techniques and routine environmental cleaning
Critical items
sterile tissue or vascular system
- iv catheters, cardiac catheters
- surgical instruments
- urinary cathters
- implants
Semi critical items
mucous membrane or nonintact skin
- Resp & Anesthesia Equipment
- Endoscopes
- endotracheal tubes
- GI endoscope
- diaphragm fitting rings
Non critical items
come in contact with skin but not mucous membrane
- bedpans
- BP cuffs
- Bedrails
- linens
- Stethoscope
- Bedside trays and patient furniture
- Food utensils
surgical asepsis
sterile technique prevents contamination of an open wound , serves to isolate an operative area from the unsterile environment and maintains sterile field for surgery.
Principles of surgical asepsis
- Sterile object remains sterile only when touched by another sterile object.
- ONLY sterile objects may be placed on sterile field.
- Sterile object or field out of ones sight or an object held below persons waist is contaminated.
- Contamination by prolonged exposure to air
- sterile surface coming in contact with wet, contaminated surface, it becomes contaminated by capillary action.
- fluid flows in direction of gravity.
- edges of sterile field are considered contaminated (2.5cm or 1in)
