ch 28 s/s Flashcards
1
Q
lots of CNS excitability that makes even the slightest touches very painful that can lead to involuntary motor contractions or convulsions
A
rabies
2
Q
gyri look like a knife edge
A
Pick disease: a subset of FTLD-tau
3
Q
False localizing signs (CN palsies
A
increased intracranial pressure
-brain abcess
4
Q
cause intractable nausea, confusion, convulsions, and rapid onset of coma and then death
A
v high levels radiation
5
Q
memory changes
A
Alzheimers dis
6
Q
molar tooth sign
A
Joubert syndrome
7
Q
LNs, thymus, and gonads are hypoplastic
A
Ataxia-telangiectasia
8
Q
low grade tumor arising form pineocytes
A
Pineocytomas
9
Q
Pick bodies and lobar restriction
A
Pick disease: a subset of FTLD-tau
10
Q
status marmoratus
A
perinatal ischemic lesions of the cerebral cortex
-abnormal myelinization that gives rise to a marble-like appearance of the deep nuclei
11
Q
Rapid quadriplegia death of locked in syndrome
A
Central pontine myelinolysis
12
Q
inflammation of white and grey matter with neurofibrillary tangles
A
Subacute panencephalitis (SSPE)
13
Q
focal, paraventrivular cystic changes and mild symmetric hydrocephalus
A
cystic fibrosis
14
Q
significant ependymal injury
A
from CMV
15
Q
perivascular accumulation of lymphocytes
A
Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
16
Q
Meningeal vessels are engorged and prominent
A
meningitis
17
Q
granulomas
A
TB of CNS
18
Q
in ppl who develop a coma after trauma
A
Diffuse axonal injury
19
Q
circumscribed, depressed, glassy, grey-tan, irregularly shaped plaques that are firmer than the surrounding brain
A
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
20
Q
neoplasm w brightly eosinophilc cell body from which there are lots of stout processes that come out
A
Gemistocytic astrocytoma (type of type III infiltrating astrocytoma)
21
Q
hydeocephalus ex vacuo
A
Alzheimers Dis
-ventricular widening d/t cortical atrophy
22
Q
very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the serum
A
Adrenoleukodystrophy
23
Q
microglial nodules
A
Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
-Microglial cells that form small aggregates around the foci of necrosis
24
Q
painful radiculoneuritis
A
Cytomegalovirus
-when attack the lower spinal cord and roots
25
Neutrophils around the leptomeningeal vessels
less severe meningitis
26
blindness
Neuronal storage dzs: Ceroid lipocuscinoses
27
prbs in short term memory and confabulation
Korsakoff syndrome (development form Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency))
28
compression of ACA
subfalcine herniation
29
Asymmetric atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes that spares the posterior 2/3 of the superior temporal gyrus
Pick disease: a subset of FTLD-tau
30
immunodeficiency
Ataxia-telangiectasia
31
midline cyst that is lined by ependymal
Dandy-walker malformation
32
wright rosettes
medulloblastoma
| -neuronal granules
33
URIs
ALS
34
neuritic (senile) plaques
Alzheimers Dis
35
distal limb amyotrophy
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)
36
Pseudo-palisading
Glioblastoma (type IV infiltrating astrocytoma)
| -tumor cells collect along the edges of the necrotic regions
37
pnemonias
ALS
38
degeneration of the involved fiber tracts.
Diffuse axonal injury
39
Tuft of hair, dimple, outpouch
spina bifida occulta
40
Fever
- Subdural empyema
| - rabies
41
nuclear atypia
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
42
Seizures
- increased intracranial pressure
- -brain abcess
- Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
- Subacute panencephalitis (SSPE)
- cerebral malaria
- Neuronal storage dzs: Ceroid lipocuscinoses
- Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF)
- Leigh synd
- Gangliogliomas (but no more when removed)
- Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor
43
tumor that leads to widespread microscopic infarcts that result in nonlocalizing neuro symptoms like dementia
=Intravascular lymphoma
44
Anterior roots (pic) of the spinal cord are thin from loss of LMN fibers, loss of anterior horn neurons and reactive gliosis
ALS
45
demyelination in a subcortical location that has a center filled with lipid laden Mfs and a reduced number of axons
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
46
scattered lymphocytes
Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis
47
lose the ability to control all voluntary mvmt, but bladder and bowel sphincter and eye m’s are usu spared until the late course
ALS
48
fluid filled cavity in the inner portion of the cord
syrinx
49
cerebral gummas in meninges and parenchyma
Meningovascular neurosyphilis
| -plasma cell rich mass lesions
50
dystonia
Cerebral palsy
51
cramping/spasticity of the arms and legs
ALS
52
dysarthric Speech
Ataxia-telangiectasia
53
Cowdry type A viral inclusion bodies in neurons and glia
Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) encephalitis
54
pupillary dilation
transtentorial herniation
55
s/s that deal with cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Huntingtons Ds
56
Change in pupil rxn
increased intracranial pressure
| -brain abcess
57
dystrophic neurites that surround a central amyloid core
| -There may also be a clear halo around all of this
plaques of Alzheimers Dis
58
gynecomastia
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)
59
muscle strength and bulk decreases and fasciculations
ALS
60
disequilibrium with frequent falls
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
| Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome
61
truncal ataxia, unsteady gait, and nystagmus
Wernicke –Korsakoff synd from toxic disorder from ethanol
| -atrophy and loss of granule cells in the anterior vermis
62
muscle involvement with weakness and lactic acidosis
- Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
- Leigh synd
63
disseminated necrosis of white and grey matter with acute hem, fibrin deposition, and lots of neutrophils
Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis
64
tumor of temporal lobe with a cystic component
Gangliogliomas (type of neuronal tumor)
65
lensatic/lenticular bleed
Epidural (extra-) hematoma
66
central necrosis w new leaky (edema) bv surrounding it
brain abcess: new
67
testicular atrophy
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)
68
enlarged oligodendrocyte nuclei w glassy amphophilic viral inclusions at the edges of the lesions
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
69
severely involves the inferior and medial regions of temporal lobes (arrows) and orbital gyri (asteric)
Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) encephalitis
70
ventriculitis from pus into ventricles
fulminant meningitis
71
Tau-containing bundles of filaments in the cytoplasm that surround the nucleus of the neurons
- tangles of Alzheimers Dis
- Frontotemporal lobar degen (FTLD)-tau
- PArkinsons dis w LRRK2 mutation
- Progressive Supranuclear palsy
- corticobasal degeneration
72
angioinvasive --> can cause infarct in brains
vasculitis from mucormycosis and aspergillosis (fungal) meningoencephalitis
73
Solid, sometimes calcified, slow growing nodules attached to the ventricular lining and protruding into the ventricle
Subependymomas
| -can cause hydrocephalus
74
greyish decoloration around vessels in the white matter
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE)
75
symmetric loss of myelin in the basis pontis and the pontine tegmentum
Central pontine myelinolysis
76
festinating gait
Parkinsons dis
| -(progressively shortened and accelerated steps)
77
Petechiae and fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles in the grey and white matter
HTN encephalopathy
78
more behavioral changes and the neuro symptoms progressed more slowly
Variant CJD (vCJD)
79
quick onset of altered neurological dysfunction including loss of consciousness, temp respiratory arrest, and loss of reflexes.
-Recovery is typically complete
parenchymal injury: concussion
80
chronic inflamm rxn
HIV
81
Brains are atrophic, enlarged ventricles, increased amounts of tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE
82
sheared MMA
Epidural (extra-) hematoma
83
Duret hemorrhages:
transtentorial herniation
| -hemorrhagic lesions in the midbrain and pons.
84
initial slight symmetrical numbness and tingling
Vit B12 deficiency
85
lose consciousness immediately
Epidural (extra-) hematoma
86
recurrent strokes (usually infarcts) and dementia
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
87
Distended, loosely organized vascular channels arranged back to back with collagenized walls of variable thickness
Cavernous malformations
88
Precentral motor gyrus is atrophied
ALS
89
Spheroids
- Acute neuronal injury: when posttraumatic diffuse axonal damage (shearing of the axons)
- diffuse axonal injury
90
retardation
Agenesis of the corpus collosum
91
first decade of life with gait ataxia, then hand clumsiness and dysarthria, depressed/absent DTRs, impaired proprioception/vibration, sometimes loss of pain/temp/light touch
Friedreich ataxia
92
hematoma that occurs a fracture that crosses the line of a vessel
Epidural (extra-) hematoma
93
polycythemia
Von Hippel-Lindau ds
94
pes cavus
Friedreich ataxia
95
hemangioblastomas of the CNS (esp cerebellum and retina) and cysts of the pancreas, liver, and kidneys.
Von Hippel-Lindau ds
96
basal distribution of exudate
meningitis from H influ
97
osmotic demyelination disorder
Central pontine myelinolysis
98
Exudate on the leptomeninges
meningitis
99
Big grpings of gyral malformations
Pachygryria
100
status spongiosus
Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz (CJD
| -expansion of the vacuolated areas into cystlike spaces
101
dehydration that leads to confusion, stupor, and coma
hyperglycemia
102
pigmented nodules of the iris (lisch nodules)
NF1
103
alternating periods of mania and stupor
rabies
104
telangiectasias in the the CNS, conjunctiva, and skin of face/neck/arms
Ataxia-telangiectasia
105
Neutrophils fill the subarachnoid space
severe meningitis
106
subtle changes in memory and behavior, followed by rapid dementia and startle myoclonus
Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz (CJD
107
agyria
lissencephaly
108
etat crible
lacunar infarcts
| -w widening of perivasc spaces w/o tissue infarction
109
weakness
-Friedreich ataxia
110
reticulin deposits
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
111
episodes of neuro deficits separated in time
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
112
b/l cortical atrophy
Alzheimers Dis
113
mild progressive dementia
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
| Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome
114
later: central areas cystic and gliotic
spinal cord injury
115
lesions have giant astrocytes with one to many irregular hyperchromatic nuclei
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
116
damage to the dorsal sensory roots --> poor proprioception and locomotor ataxia
Tabes dorsalis
117
Damaged basal ganglia and thalamus with patchy neuronal loss and reactive gliosis
perinatal ischemic lesions of the cerebral cortex
118
extensive cortical plaques that are surrounded by a halo of spongiform change
Variant CJD (vCJD)
119
many meningiomas
NF2
120
meningitis
HSV 2 encph
121
glomeruloid body
Glioblastoma (type IV infiltrating astrocytoma)
| -vascular prolif --> tufts of cells to pile up and bulge into lumen-->forms a ball
122
B/l schwannomas of the vestibulocochlear nerves
NF2
123
Leptomeningeal fibrosis
pyogenic meningitis
124
Prbs with deglutition and phonation
bulbar ALS
125
globoid cells
krabbe dis
| -aggregations of engorged Mfs
126
dementia
- HIV (from microglial inflamm)
- Alzheimers
- Parkinsons dis LATER
- Huntington Ds (start as forgetfulness)
- ALS maybe
127
Polymicrogyria
Arnold-chiari malformation type II
128
Failure of midline structures to form
Holoprosencephaly
129
build up of sulfatides in cytoplasmic vacuoles
Adrenoleukodystrophy
130
Ammonia and inflammatory cytokine levels are increased
Hepatic encph
131
Motor and sensory deficits of the extremities
Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area
132
gelantinous material within the subarachnoid space
crytococcal (fungal) meningitis
133
rapidly progressive dementia
prion dis
134
asymm Axonal swelling and focal hemorrhagic lesions
Diffuse axonal injury
135
fluctuating course, hallucinations, and frontal signs
Parkinsons dis: dementia w lewy bodies
136
weakness, lethargy, ataxia, and seizures that takes 4-6 weeks to resolve
Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) encephalitis
137
increased numbers of microglia
Diffuse axonal injury
138
hem is resorbed and leaves small slit like cavity that is surrounded by a brownish discoloration
slit hems
139
cardiomyophathy (pericardial adhesions, fibers are destructed w inflamm and fibrosis)-->arrhythmias and CHF --> most of the deaths
Friedreich ataxia
140
Dilated fundus and tortuous bvs
increased intracranial pressure
| -brain abcess
141
small and empty microscopic vaculues within the neuropil
Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz (CJD
142
well circumscribed tumor w calcifications
oligodendroglioma
143
autonomic disturbances
- Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)
- Parkinsons dis LATER
- Multiple system atrophy (MSA) (HoTN)
144
hx of seizures
- Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
| - oligodendroglioma (and other neuro complaints)
145
perivenular cuffs of lymphocytes and monocytes
active plaques of MS
146
4 or more mitoses per 10 high powered fields
Atypical meningiomas
147
overproducing CSF that leads to hydrocephalus
Choroid plexus papillomas (type of ependymoma)
148
mental confusion,
- subdural hematoma
- TB of CNS
- -Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
149
small gyri
microcephaly
150
photophobia
meningitis
151
impairment of EOMs
transtentorial herniation
152
apparent elongation of the superior cerebellar peduncles
Joubert syndrome
153
collagenous capsule surrounded by reactive gliosis (gemistocytic astrocytes)
brain abcess: old
154
raccoon eyes
basal skull fracture
155
lewy body that contains α-syn
Parkinsons dis
156
lumbar myelomeningocele
Arnold-chiari malformation type II
157
limb spasticity
Subacute panencephalitis (SSPE)
158
slowly progressive neurological deterioration, but sometimes there is acute decompensation
subdural hematoma
159
recurring infections
ALS
160
reduced cerebral blood flow
cerebral malaria
161
nausea/vomit
increased intracranial pressure
- brain abcess
- TB of CNS
162
Foaming of the mouth
rabies
| -from contracture of the pharyngeal muscles
163
delirium
Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
164
death from resp failure
rabies
165
neural tissue and meninges that protrude through the vertebral defec
Myelomeningocele (or meningomyelocele)
166
headaches, nausea, vomiting, and papilledema
Delayed effects of radiation
167
Altered consciousness
Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area
168
obliterative endarteritis
- TB of CNS
| - Meningovascular neurosyphilis
169
paraplegia (if there is not prompt treatment)
Vit B12 deficiency
170
cyclopia
Holoprosencephaly
171
oligospermia
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)
172
mononuclear cell perivascular cuffs
Poliomyelitis
173
Papilledema
increased intracranial pressure
- most important
- brain abcess
174
gliomas of the optic nerve
NF1
175
Acute: Hem, necrosis, axonal swelling
spinal cord injury
176
arrest of psychomotor dev
Leigh synd
177
choroid plexitis
Cytomegalovirus
178
change in personality
Alzheimers dis
179
Neurofibromas of the peripheral nerve
NF1
180
Rapidly progressive motor signs of stiffness and weakness that appears between 3-6m of life
krabbe dis
181
focal tissue destruction, pigment laden Mfs, and gliosis
slit hems
182
Acute lesions exhibit central necrosis, petechial hem surrounded by acute and chronic inflammation, Mf infiltration, and vascular proliferation
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
183
psychotic symptoms
Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency)
184
sleep prbs
-Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)
185
depigmentation of substantial nigra
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
186
reflex symmetry
- Acute aseptic viral meningitis
| - Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
187
Central chromatolysis
Acute neuronal injury
188
tau in frontal and temporal lobes
FTLD-tau
189
stooped posture
Parkinsons dis
190
fluid filled cavity in the inner portion of the cord that can extend into the brainstem
syringobulbi
191
motor/sensory prbs
MS
192
cystic space with hemosiderin Mfs
Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency)
193
paresis
Cerebral palsy
194
worst ever sudden headache (and prob loose consciousness)
rupture of a sacular aneurism
195
atrophy and fasciculations of the tongue and the dysphagia
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)
196
Hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis
Joubert syndrome
197
areas above and below the injury show wallerian degeneration
spinal cord injury
198
behavioral changes and adrenal insufficiency.
Adrenoleukodystrophy
199
amphicytes
Ataxia-telangiectasia
| -enlargement of the nucleus in many cells: schwann cells, endothelial cells, and pituicytes
200
Microglial nodules
HIV, rickettsia, other viruses
201
spasticity
MS
202
ulegyria
perinatal ischemic lesions of the cerebral cortex
| -Thinned out gliotic gyri
203
sinopulmonary infections
Ataxia-telangiectasia
204
candle-guttering.
Tuberous sclerosis complex
| -Large astrocyte-like cells will cluster beneath the ventricular surface
205
if exposed to MPTP
--> destroys substantia nigra -->Parkinsons dis
206
Alzheimer type 2 astrocyte
seen in ppl w long-standing hyperammonemia d/t chronic liver dis, Wilson dis, or hereditary metabolic disorders of the urea cycle
207
necrotizing ventriculoencephalitis
Cytomegalovirus
208
change in judgement
Alzheimers dis
209
when the bridging veins in the subdural space rupture
Subdural hematoma
210
tumor that grows grow en plaque
meningiomas
| -tumor spreads in a sheetlike fashion along the dura
211
Visual field defects
Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area
212
seizure ds, intracerebral hem, or subarachnoid hem
vascular malformations
213
bladder control prbs
MS
214
bradykinesia
Huntingtons Ds LATER
215
axonal swelling
HIV
216
cytoplasmic inclusions of α-syn in oligodendrocytes
Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
| -(more sensative to oxidative stress)
217
Headache
- increased intracranial pressure(most important)
- subdural hematoma
- meningitis
- brain abcess
- Subdural empyema
- TB of CNS
- rabies
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE)
218
of GFAP positive astrocytic processes to make a fibrillary background appearance
- Diffuse astrocytoma (type II infiltrating astrocytoma)
- Pilocytic astrocytoma
- Ependymoma
- medullobalstoma***
219
cerebritis
fulminant meningitis
| - inflammatory cells infiltrate the walls of the leptomeningeal veins and can travel down into the brain
220
apraxias
Corticobasal degeneration
| -impaired higher cortical fct
221
sarcomas, gliomas, and meningiomas
yrs after radiation exposure
222
tumor that only appears in the cerebellum
medulloblastoma
223
vascular dysfunction --> Rapidly progressing encph
cerebral malaria
224
Burina bodies
ALS
| -PAS positive cytoplasmic inclusions
225
flaccid paralysis --> muscle wasting and hyporeflexia of the affected area-->paresis or paralysis
Poliomyelitis
| -can affect diaphragm
226
Multi-infarct dementia
HTN encephalopathy
227
compression of resp and cardiac ctrs of brain
Tonsillar herniation
228
T-cell leukemia
Ataxia-telangiectasia
229
Cerebellar tonsils extend down into the vertebral canal
Chiari type I malformation
230
tumor of superficial temporal lobe with attenuation of the overlying skull
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (type of neuronal tumor)
231
cerebellar vermis is absent or barely there
Dandy-walker malformation
232
cutaneous hyperpigmented spots (café au lait spots
NF1
233
inflammation that is most severe in the brainstem
rabies
234
perikaryon of neurons
Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz (CJD
235
Meningitis associated septicemia with hem infarction of the adrenal glands and cutaneous petechiae
Waterhouse-friderichsen synd
236
lethargy
increased intracranial pressure
- brain abcess
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE)
237
hirano bodies
Alzheimers Dis
238
astrocytes that are sometimes filled with lipid
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
239
tangled vessels that are enlarged with lots of flow and pulsatile
Arteriovenous malformations (AVM)
240
rigid vessels, but no fibrosis
cerebral amyloid angiopathy (
| -amyloid causes the rigidity
241
dialted lateral and 3rd ventricles
Huntingtons Ds
242
hydrocephalus
- Arnold-chiari malformation type II
- TB in CNS
- ependymomas if in posterior fossa
- medullobalstomas if they grow quickly
243
exudate over cerebral convexities over the sagittal sinus
meningitis from pnemonia
244
of chalky yellow plaques consisting of discrete regions of white matter necrosis and calcification
Periventricular leukamalacia
245
feeding prbs
Leigh synd
246
a neural tube defect that you must worry about infection
- Myelomeningocele (or meningomyelocele)
| - meningocele
247
Battle’s sign
basal skull fracture
| – reflecting orbital and mastoid hematomas
248
Cysticerososis
can cause non-communicating hydrocephalus
249
ataxia/athetosis
Cerebral palsy
250
pseudobulbar palsy
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
| Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome
251
bipolar with cystic and fibrillary areas in the same tumo
Pilocytic astrocytoma
252
facial n. palsies
Neuroborreliosis
253
basal leptomeninges: they are thickened and opaque obstruct the outflow of CSF form the foramina of luschka and magendie hydrocephalus
crytococcal (fungal) meningitis
254
tumor that affects the japanese
Primary germ cell tumors
255
degeneration of ascending and descending spinal tracts from a defect in myelin formation
Vit B12 deficiency
256
kuru plaques
Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz (CJD
-extracellular deposits of aggregated protein, congo red and PAS positive that typically occur in the cerebellum (cerebral cortex for vCJD)
257
dystrophic mineralization and adjacent gliosis
exposure of methotrexate at the same time as radiation
258
eye movement prbs.
Ataxia-telangiectasia
259
tumor w anastamosing caps
oligodendroglioma
260
amyloid core can be stained with congo red
plaques of Alzheimers Dis
261
impaired upward gaze
increased intracranial pressure
| -brain abcess
262
psammoma bodies.
meningiomas
263
cerebral dysfunction including headaches, confusion, vomiting, convulsions, and sometimes coma
HTN encephalopathy
264
Vertigo
Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area
265
jerking of limbs
Corticobasal degeneration
| -asymm motor disturbances
266
enlarged posterior fossa
Dandy-walker malformation
267
know as Pick bodies
FTLD-tau
| -smooth contoured inclusions
268
ragged red fibers in the muscle
Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF)
269
a's in CNS have thickening of media and adventitia (filled w protein) but no sm
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
270
urinary inontinence, slow dementia, giat disturbance
Nml pressure hydrocephalus
271
patches of irregular, ill-defines white matter injury
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
272
spasticity
- Cerebral palsy
| - Friedreich ataxia
273
tau in hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala
Alzheimers dis
274
masked facies
Parkinsons dis
| -diminished facial expression
275
ophthalmoplegia
Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency)
276
Can lead to CHF do to shunt effects if a newborn is affected
vascular malformations
277
Ocular palsy
- Acute aseptic viral meningitis
| - Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
278
necrotizing vasculitis with focal hem
Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
279
Lightning pains and loss of DTRs
Tabes dorsalis
280
Mood, memory, and behavior prbs
Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) encephalitis
281
mycobac avium-intracellulare
TB of CNS in AIDS pts
| – lesions that contain confluent sheets of mfs filled w organisms, w few or no granulomas
282
when vascualr dementia preferentially involves large areas of the subcortical white matter with myelin and axon loss
Binswanger dz
283
Small, numerous, irregularly formed cerebral convolutions
Polymicrogyria
284
Plaques next to the lateral ventricles, optic nerves/chiasm, ascending/descending tracts, sc and brainstem
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
285
altered shape of the brainstem
Joubert syndrome
286
kernohan notch
transtentorial herniation
287
pallor of the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus
Parkinsons dis
288
change in language and math skills
Alzheimers dis (after mem)
289
Symmetrically dilated ventricles
Communicating hydrocephalus
290
stupor/coma
Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
- cerebral malaria
- Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE)
291
neck stiffness
- meningitis
| - Subdural empyema
292
malaise
- TB of CNS
| - rabies
293
magnetic gait
Nml pressure hydrocephalus
294
bat wing deformity where the lateral ventricles are misshapen
Agenesis of the corpus collosum
295
tumor attached to the dura
meningiomas
296
death from resp failure
rabies
297
internuclear ophthalmoplegia
MS
298
collections of neurons in wrong locations
Neural heterotopias
299
nuchal dystonia
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
| Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome
300
perivascular pseudorosettes
Ependymoma
| -tumor is around the vessel with ependymal processes directed toward the wall
301
dropping objects and prbs with fine motor tasks
ALS early
| -asymmetric weakness of the hands
302
Meningeal irritation
- meningitis
| - rabies
303
resp m's weakened
ALS
304
trouble walking, speaking, or understanding, as well as paralysis or numbness of the face, arm, or leg
stroke (cerebrovasc dis)
305
high grade tumor arising from pineocytes
Pineoblastomas
306
neuronal achromasia
Corticobasal degeneration
307
Dementia, gait prbs, pseudobulbar signs, and other focal neurological deficits
Vascular dementia
308
strokes w reversible damage
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
309
aseptic meningitis
- Neuroborreliosis
| - HIV
310
change in visuospatial orientation
Alzheimers dis
311
metabolic prbs in those tissues affected
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
312
Jerky, hyperkinetic, sometimes dystonic movements involving all parts of the body (chorea)
Huntingtons Ds
313
Tumor found within the ventricular system (esp lateral or 3rd)
Central neurocytoma
314
Tuberculomas
TB of CNS
315
CN s/s
MS
316
seizures, autism, and mental retardation
Tuberous sclerosis complex
317
osteomyelitis
Extradural abscess
318
giant cells
- TB of CNS
| - HIV
319
disturbances of higher cortical fct and consciousness, w/o localizing signs
Fat emboli can happen after a bone fx causing CVD
320
cognitive decline
Subacute panencephalitis (SSPE)
321
red neurons
Acute neuronal injury: n death from depletion of glucose, O2, or trauma
322
Non-neoplastic enlarging cyst that grows on the roof of the 3rd ventricle where it can obstruct the foramina of monro to create non-communicating hydrocephalus
Colloid cyst of the 3rd ventricle(type of ependymoma)
323
Degeneration of LMNs
- Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)
| - Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)
324
compression of PCA
transtentorial herniation
| -->ischemia of visal cortex
325
granulomatous arteritis
Varicella-zoster virus
326
Ataxia
- Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area
- increased intracranial pressure
- brain abcess
- cerebral malaria
- Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)
- MS
- Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
- Friedreich ataxia
- Ataxia-telangiectasia
- Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF)
327
cerebellar tonsil scarring
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
328
Prominent enlarged cells with intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions
Cytomegalovirus
329
found w silver impregnation or for immunoperoxidase stains for axonally transported protiens
Diffuse axonal injury
330
caseous necrosis
TB of CNS
331
charcot joints
Tabes dorsalis
| -loss of pain which can lead to skin and joint damage
332
renal angiomyolipomas, retinal glial hamartomas, pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis and cardiac rhabdomyomas
Tuberous sclerosis complex
333
Androgen insensitivity
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)
334
isolated loss of pain and temp in the upper extremities
Syringomyelia
335
extrapyramidal rigidity
Corticobasal degeneration
336
cloudy consciousness
meningitis
337
difficulty with voluntary eye movements
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
| Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome
338
change in behavior
increased intracranial pressure
| -brain abcess
339
hem and necrosis in mammillary bodies and the walls of the 3rd and 4th ventricles
Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency)
340
tumors that spread along the surface of the brain
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors
341
myopathy
Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF)
342
(all of the symp of parkinsons)
Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
343
tachyzoites and encysted bradyzoites at periphery
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
344
extraocular palsies
Leigh synd
345
sensory neuropathy
Friedreich ataxia
346
progressive truncal rigidity
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
| Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome
347
myelin pallor
HIV
348
tufted astrocytes
Corticobasal degeneration
| -Tau immunoreactivity found in astrocytes
349
cognitive deficits
cerebral malaria
350
Consist of aggregates of ectatic venous channels
Venous angiomas (varices)
351
Small posterior fossa
Arnold-chiari malformation type II
352
asscoc w prior radiation therapy to the head and neck decades earlier
meningiomas
353
vessels near the lesions: marked intimal proliferation or vasculitis with fribrinoid necrosis and thrombosis
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
354
misshapen midline cerebellum w/downward extension of vermis through the foramen magnum
Arnold-chiari malformation type II
355
plaque jaune
Old brain contusion
| •Depressed, retracted, yellowish-brown patches involving the crests of gyri (plaque jaune).
356
abscesses mostly affect the cerebral cortex and the deep grey nuclei
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
357
acute encph characterized by numerous sharply circumscribed demyelinating leisons that undergo necrosis
Varicella-zoster virus in immunocomp ppl
358
ring enhancing lesions upon imaging
cerebral toxoplasmosis (NOT DEFINING)
359
Venous angioma of the spinal cord and overlying meninges: ischemic injury to the spinal cord and slowly progressive neuro symptoms
Foix-Alajouanine dz (angiodysgenetic necrotizing myelopathy):
360
ongoing myelin breakdown with lots of Mfs containing lipid-rich PAS-positive debris.
There are also lots of
active plaques of MS
361
wheelchair bound within 5y of onset
Friedreich ataxia
362
neuronophagia
- Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
- poliomyelitis in ant horn
- foci of necrosis in grey and white matter, esp single cell neuronal necrosis with phagocytosis of the debris
363
arrhinencephaly
Holoprosencephaly
364
irritability
meningitis
365
pill rolling tremor
Parkinsons dis
366
meningeal irritation
Poliomyelitis
367
only meninges (no neural tissue) that extends out of the opening
meningocele
368
greater than 20 per 10 high power fields
Anaplastic (malignant) meningiomas
369
tumors of similar poorly diff histology resembling medulloblastomas, from the peripheral tumor
CNS Supratentiorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (CNS PNET)
370
edema and vascular congestion
rabies
371
aggregates of TDP-43 in nucleus, cytoplasm, or neurites
FTLD-TDP
372
nystagmus
MS
373
relative circumscription
-Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
374
general paresis of the insane
Paretic neurosyphilis
-Insidious and progressive cognitive impairment that results in mood prbs with delusions of grandeur that will end in severe dementia
375
changes in personality, behavior, and language come about before changes in memory
Frontotemporal lobar degenerations (FTLDs)
376
small cysts within the parenchyma (soap bubbles)
crytococcal (fungal) meningitis
377
Widespread lesions involving white matter
embolization of bone marrow after trauma causing CVD
378
Parenchymal damage of the frontal lobe
Paretic neurosyphilis
| -loss of neurons, proliferation of microglia, gliosis, and iron deposits
379
cognitive and motor deterioration
Neuronal storage dzs: Ceroid lipocuscinoses
380
meningitis that involves the base of the brain
Meningovascular neurosyphilis
381
large destructive cysts
Multicystic encephalopathy
382
includes rhabdoid cells
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors
383
CSF drainage compromised bc foramina or Luschka and Magendie not formed
Dandy-walker malformation
384
spastic weakness in the lower extremities
Vit B12 deficiency
385
Gliomas can also occur in these pts, typically these are ependymomas
NF2
386
Rosenthal fibers
- pilocytic astrocytoma in post fossa
| - Alexander dz
387
hamartomas and benign tumors in the brain or other tissues
Tuberous sclerosis complex
388
coiled bodies
Corticobasal degeneration
| -Tau immunoreactivity found in oligodendtocytes
389
blindness
toxic disorder from methanol
| -killing off the retinal ganglion cell
390
chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
391
Unilateral visual prbs
MS
| - from damage to the optic nerve (optic neuritis, retrobulbar neuritis
392
Palsy 1+ CNs
Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area
393
Lafora bodies
mycoclonic epilepsy
394
chronic adhesive arachnoiditis
- pneumococcal meningitis
- TB of CNS
- capsular polysaccharide of the bug can make a gelatinous exudate the promotes arachnoid fibrosis
395
Rosenthal fibers and eosinophilic granular bodies
Pilocytic astrocytoma
396
perivascular pigment laden or foamy Mfs
HIV
397
local paresthesias around the wound
rabies
398
develop renal cell carcinoma and pheochromocytoma
Von Hippel-Lindau ds
399
brain is protruding into the defect
Encephalocele
400
rigidity
- Parkinsons dis
| - Huntingtons Ds LATER
401
neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimers Dis
402
poorly differentiated
medulloblastoma
403
Separated by gliotic tissue with evidence of prior hem
Arteriovenous malformations (AVM)
404
happens around vessels, but the damage is more severe and actually kills off the small blood vessels.
Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis
405
Linked to fetal alcohol syndrome and HIV infection in utero
microcephaly
406
Microscopic foci of dialated thin walled vessels separated by normal parenchyma
Capillary telangiectasias
407
kyphoscoliosis
Friedreich ataxia
408
Pts that have many b/l grey and white matter infarcts over many years might get:
Vascular dementia
409
periventricular necrosis with severe brain destruction followed later by microcephaly and periventricular calcification
Cytomegalovirus
410
Non- Symmetrically dilated ventricles
Noncommunicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus
411
hypokinetic mvmt
Parkinsons dis
412
multiple microabscesses (maybe granulomas)
-candidiasis (fungal) Parenchymal infection in meningioencephalitis
413
lesions in the filum terminale
Myxopapillary ependymomas
414
spongiform change
- prion dis
| - Leigh synd
415
venous thrombosis and hem infarction of the underlying brain
fulminant meningitis
| -from phlebitis
416
Medium spiny neurons using GABA, encephalin, dynorphin, and substance P are esp affected
Huntingtons Ds
417
Expansion of the ependymal lined cord of the central canal of the cord
Hydromyelia
418
Negri bodies
rabies
419
- Early: pericap edema and hemorrhage
- hours: blood into white matter and subarachnoid space
- day: Pyknosis of the nucleus, eosinophilla of cytoplasm, and disintegration of the cell
brain contusion
420
spastiicty and choreoathetoid mvmts
cystic fibrosis
421
cutaneous lesions like angiofibromas, localized leathery patches (shagreen patches), hypopigmented areas (ash-leaf patches), and subungual patches
Tuberous sclerosis complex
422
infection from surgery of sinusitis
Extradural abscess
423
viral inclusions mostly found in the nuclei of oligodendrocytes and neurons
Subacute panencephalitis (SSPE)
424
after a while, very disabled, mute, immobile
Alzheimers dis
