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NS2 > ch 28 s/s > Flashcards

ch 28 s/s Flashcards

1
Q

lots of CNS excitability that makes even the slightest touches very painful that can lead to involuntary motor contractions or convulsions

A

rabies

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2
Q

gyri look like a knife edge

A

Pick disease: a subset of FTLD-tau

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3
Q

False localizing signs (CN palsies

A

increased intracranial pressure

-brain abcess

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4
Q

cause intractable nausea, confusion, convulsions, and rapid onset of coma and then death

A

v high levels radiation

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5
Q

memory changes

A

Alzheimers dis

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6
Q

molar tooth sign

A

Joubert syndrome

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7
Q

LNs, thymus, and gonads are hypoplastic

A

Ataxia-telangiectasia

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8
Q

low grade tumor arising form pineocytes

A

Pineocytomas

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9
Q

Pick bodies and lobar restriction

A

Pick disease: a subset of FTLD-tau

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10
Q

status marmoratus

A

perinatal ischemic lesions of the cerebral cortex

-abnormal myelinization that gives rise to a marble-like appearance of the deep nuclei

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11
Q

Rapid quadriplegia death of locked in syndrome

A

Central pontine myelinolysis

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12
Q

inflammation of white and grey matter with neurofibrillary tangles

A

Subacute panencephalitis (SSPE)

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13
Q

focal, paraventrivular cystic changes and mild symmetric hydrocephalus

A

cystic fibrosis

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14
Q

significant ependymal injury

A

from CMV

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15
Q

perivascular accumulation of lymphocytes

A

Arthropod borne viral encephalitis

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16
Q

Meningeal vessels are engorged and prominent

A

meningitis

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17
Q

granulomas

A

TB of CNS

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18
Q

in ppl who develop a coma after trauma

A

Diffuse axonal injury

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19
Q

circumscribed, depressed, glassy, grey-tan, irregularly shaped plaques that are firmer than the surrounding brain

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

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20
Q

neoplasm w brightly eosinophilc cell body from which there are lots of stout processes that come out

A

Gemistocytic astrocytoma (type of type III infiltrating astrocytoma)

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21
Q

hydeocephalus ex vacuo

A

Alzheimers Dis

-ventricular widening d/t cortical atrophy

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22
Q

very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the serum

A

Adrenoleukodystrophy

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23
Q

microglial nodules

A

Arthropod borne viral encephalitis

-Microglial cells that form small aggregates around the foci of necrosis

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24
Q

painful radiculoneuritis

A

Cytomegalovirus

-when attack the lower spinal cord and roots

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25
Q

Neutrophils around the leptomeningeal vessels

A

less severe meningitis

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26
Q

blindness

A

Neuronal storage dzs: Ceroid lipocuscinoses

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27
Q

prbs in short term memory and confabulation

A

Korsakoff syndrome (development form Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency))

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28
Q

compression of ACA

A

subfalcine herniation

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29
Q

Asymmetric atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes that spares the posterior 2/3 of the superior temporal gyrus

A

Pick disease: a subset of FTLD-tau

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30
Q

immunodeficiency

A

Ataxia-telangiectasia

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31
Q

midline cyst that is lined by ependymal

A

Dandy-walker malformation

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32
Q

wright rosettes

A

medulloblastoma

-neuronal granules

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33
Q

URIs

A

ALS

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34
Q

neuritic (senile) plaques

A

Alzheimers Dis

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35
Q

distal limb amyotrophy

A

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)

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36
Q

Pseudo-palisading

A

Glioblastoma (type IV infiltrating astrocytoma)

-tumor cells collect along the edges of the necrotic regions

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37
Q

pnemonias

A

ALS

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38
Q

degeneration of the involved fiber tracts.

A

Diffuse axonal injury

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39
Q

Tuft of hair, dimple, outpouch

A

spina bifida occulta

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40
Q

Fever

A
  • Subdural empyema

- rabies

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41
Q

nuclear atypia

A

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma

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42
Q

Seizures

A
  • increased intracranial pressure
  • -brain abcess
  • Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
  • Subacute panencephalitis (SSPE)
  • cerebral malaria
  • Neuronal storage dzs: Ceroid lipocuscinoses
  • Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF)
  • Leigh synd
  • Gangliogliomas (but no more when removed)
  • Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor
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43
Q

tumor that leads to widespread microscopic infarcts that result in nonlocalizing neuro symptoms like dementia

A

=Intravascular lymphoma

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44
Q

Anterior roots (pic) of the spinal cord are thin from loss of LMN fibers, loss of anterior horn neurons and reactive gliosis

A

ALS

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45
Q

demyelination in a subcortical location that has a center filled with lipid laden Mfs and a reduced number of axons

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

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46
Q

scattered lymphocytes

A

Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis

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47
Q

lose the ability to control all voluntary mvmt, but bladder and bowel sphincter and eye m’s are usu spared until the late course

A

ALS

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48
Q

fluid filled cavity in the inner portion of the cord

A

syrinx

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49
Q

cerebral gummas in meninges and parenchyma

A

Meningovascular neurosyphilis

-plasma cell rich mass lesions

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50
Q

dystonia

A

Cerebral palsy

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51
Q

cramping/spasticity of the arms and legs

A

ALS

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52
Q

dysarthric Speech

A

Ataxia-telangiectasia

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53
Q

Cowdry type A viral inclusion bodies in neurons and glia

A

Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) encephalitis

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54
Q

pupillary dilation

A

transtentorial herniation

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55
Q

s/s that deal with cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

A

Huntingtons Ds

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56
Q

Change in pupil rxn

A

increased intracranial pressure

-brain abcess

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57
Q

dystrophic neurites that surround a central amyloid core

-There may also be a clear halo around all of this

A

plaques of Alzheimers Dis

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58
Q

gynecomastia

A

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)

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59
Q

muscle strength and bulk decreases and fasciculations

A

ALS

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60
Q

disequilibrium with frequent falls

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome

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61
Q

truncal ataxia, unsteady gait, and nystagmus

A

Wernicke –Korsakoff synd from toxic disorder from ethanol

-atrophy and loss of granule cells in the anterior vermis

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62
Q

muscle involvement with weakness and lactic acidosis

A
  • Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
  • Leigh synd
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63
Q

disseminated necrosis of white and grey matter with acute hem, fibrin deposition, and lots of neutrophils

A

Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis

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64
Q

tumor of temporal lobe with a cystic component

A

Gangliogliomas (type of neuronal tumor)

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65
Q

lensatic/lenticular bleed

A

Epidural (extra-) hematoma

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66
Q

central necrosis w new leaky (edema) bv surrounding it

A

brain abcess: new

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67
Q

testicular atrophy

A

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)

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68
Q

enlarged oligodendrocyte nuclei w glassy amphophilic viral inclusions at the edges of the lesions

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

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69
Q

severely involves the inferior and medial regions of temporal lobes (arrows) and orbital gyri (asteric)

A

Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) encephalitis

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70
Q

ventriculitis from pus into ventricles

A

fulminant meningitis

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71
Q

Tau-containing bundles of filaments in the cytoplasm that surround the nucleus of the neurons

A
  • tangles of Alzheimers Dis
  • Frontotemporal lobar degen (FTLD)-tau
  • PArkinsons dis w LRRK2 mutation
  • Progressive Supranuclear palsy
  • corticobasal degeneration
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72
Q

angioinvasive –> can cause infarct in brains

A

vasculitis from mucormycosis and aspergillosis (fungal) meningoencephalitis

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73
Q

Solid, sometimes calcified, slow growing nodules attached to the ventricular lining and protruding into the ventricle

A

Subependymomas

-can cause hydrocephalus

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74
Q

greyish decoloration around vessels in the white matter

A

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE)

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75
Q

symmetric loss of myelin in the basis pontis and the pontine tegmentum

A

Central pontine myelinolysis

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76
Q

festinating gait

A

Parkinsons dis

-(progressively shortened and accelerated steps)

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77
Q

Petechiae and fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles in the grey and white matter

A

HTN encephalopathy

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78
Q

more behavioral changes and the neuro symptoms progressed more slowly

A

Variant CJD (vCJD)

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79
Q

quick onset of altered neurological dysfunction including loss of consciousness, temp respiratory arrest, and loss of reflexes.
-Recovery is typically complete

A

parenchymal injury: concussion

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80
Q

chronic inflamm rxn

A

HIV

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81
Q

Brains are atrophic, enlarged ventricles, increased amounts of tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE

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82
Q

sheared MMA

A

Epidural (extra-) hematoma

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83
Q

Duret hemorrhages:

A

transtentorial herniation

-hemorrhagic lesions in the midbrain and pons.

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84
Q

initial slight symmetrical numbness and tingling

A

Vit B12 deficiency

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85
Q

lose consciousness immediately

A

Epidural (extra-) hematoma

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86
Q

recurrent strokes (usually infarcts) and dementia

A

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)

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87
Q

Distended, loosely organized vascular channels arranged back to back with collagenized walls of variable thickness

A

Cavernous malformations

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88
Q

Precentral motor gyrus is atrophied

A

ALS

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89
Q

Spheroids

A
  • Acute neuronal injury: when posttraumatic diffuse axonal damage (shearing of the axons)
  • diffuse axonal injury
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90
Q

retardation

A

Agenesis of the corpus collosum

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91
Q

first decade of life with gait ataxia, then hand clumsiness and dysarthria, depressed/absent DTRs, impaired proprioception/vibration, sometimes loss of pain/temp/light touch

A

Friedreich ataxia

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92
Q

hematoma that occurs a fracture that crosses the line of a vessel

A

Epidural (extra-) hematoma

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93
Q

polycythemia

A

Von Hippel-Lindau ds

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94
Q

pes cavus

A

Friedreich ataxia

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95
Q

hemangioblastomas of the CNS (esp cerebellum and retina) and cysts of the pancreas, liver, and kidneys.

A

Von Hippel-Lindau ds

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96
Q

basal distribution of exudate

A

meningitis from H influ

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97
Q

osmotic demyelination disorder

A

Central pontine myelinolysis

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98
Q

Exudate on the leptomeninges

A

meningitis

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99
Q

Big grpings of gyral malformations

A

Pachygryria

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100
Q

status spongiosus

A

Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz (CJD

-expansion of the vacuolated areas into cystlike spaces

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101
Q

dehydration that leads to confusion, stupor, and coma

A

hyperglycemia

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102
Q

pigmented nodules of the iris (lisch nodules)

A

NF1

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103
Q

alternating periods of mania and stupor

A

rabies

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104
Q

telangiectasias in the the CNS, conjunctiva, and skin of face/neck/arms

A

Ataxia-telangiectasia

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105
Q

Neutrophils fill the subarachnoid space

A

severe meningitis

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106
Q

subtle changes in memory and behavior, followed by rapid dementia and startle myoclonus

A

Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz (CJD

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107
Q

agyria

A

lissencephaly

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108
Q

etat crible

A

lacunar infarcts

-w widening of perivasc spaces w/o tissue infarction

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109
Q

weakness

A

-Friedreich ataxia

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110
Q

reticulin deposits

A

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma

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111
Q

episodes of neuro deficits separated in time

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

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112
Q

b/l cortical atrophy

A

Alzheimers Dis

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113
Q

mild progressive dementia

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome

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114
Q

later: central areas cystic and gliotic

A

spinal cord injury

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115
Q

lesions have giant astrocytes with one to many irregular hyperchromatic nuclei

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

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116
Q

damage to the dorsal sensory roots –> poor proprioception and locomotor ataxia

A

Tabes dorsalis

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117
Q

Damaged basal ganglia and thalamus with patchy neuronal loss and reactive gliosis

A

perinatal ischemic lesions of the cerebral cortex

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118
Q

extensive cortical plaques that are surrounded by a halo of spongiform change

A

Variant CJD (vCJD)

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119
Q

many meningiomas

A

NF2

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120
Q

meningitis

A

HSV 2 encph

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121
Q

glomeruloid body

A

Glioblastoma (type IV infiltrating astrocytoma)

-vascular prolif –> tufts of cells to pile up and bulge into lumen–>forms a ball

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122
Q

B/l schwannomas of the vestibulocochlear nerves

A

NF2

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123
Q

Leptomeningeal fibrosis

A

pyogenic meningitis

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124
Q

Prbs with deglutition and phonation

A

bulbar ALS

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125
Q

globoid cells

A

krabbe dis

-aggregations of engorged Mfs

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126
Q

dementia

A
  • HIV (from microglial inflamm)
  • Alzheimers
  • Parkinsons dis LATER
  • Huntington Ds (start as forgetfulness)
  • ALS maybe
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127
Q

Polymicrogyria

A

Arnold-chiari malformation type II

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128
Q

Failure of midline structures to form

A

Holoprosencephaly

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129
Q

build up of sulfatides in cytoplasmic vacuoles

A

Adrenoleukodystrophy

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130
Q

Ammonia and inflammatory cytokine levels are increased

A

Hepatic encph

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131
Q

Motor and sensory deficits of the extremities

A

Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area

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132
Q

gelantinous material within the subarachnoid space

A

crytococcal (fungal) meningitis

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133
Q

rapidly progressive dementia

A

prion dis

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134
Q

asymm Axonal swelling and focal hemorrhagic lesions

A

Diffuse axonal injury

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135
Q

fluctuating course, hallucinations, and frontal signs

A

Parkinsons dis: dementia w lewy bodies

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136
Q

weakness, lethargy, ataxia, and seizures that takes 4-6 weeks to resolve

A

Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) encephalitis

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137
Q

increased numbers of microglia

A

Diffuse axonal injury

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138
Q

hem is resorbed and leaves small slit like cavity that is surrounded by a brownish discoloration

A

slit hems

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139
Q

cardiomyophathy (pericardial adhesions, fibers are destructed w inflamm and fibrosis)–>arrhythmias and CHF –> most of the deaths

A

Friedreich ataxia

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140
Q

Dilated fundus and tortuous bvs

A

increased intracranial pressure

-brain abcess

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141
Q

small and empty microscopic vaculues within the neuropil

A

Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz (CJD

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142
Q

well circumscribed tumor w calcifications

A

oligodendroglioma

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143
Q

autonomic disturbances

A
  • Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)
  • Parkinsons dis LATER
  • Multiple system atrophy (MSA) (HoTN)
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144
Q

hx of seizures

A
  • Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma

- oligodendroglioma (and other neuro complaints)

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145
Q

perivenular cuffs of lymphocytes and monocytes

A

active plaques of MS

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146
Q

4 or more mitoses per 10 high powered fields

A

Atypical meningiomas

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147
Q

overproducing CSF that leads to hydrocephalus

A

Choroid plexus papillomas (type of ependymoma)

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148
Q

mental confusion,

A
  • subdural hematoma
  • TB of CNS
  • -Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
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149
Q

small gyri

A

microcephaly

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150
Q

photophobia

A

meningitis

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151
Q

impairment of EOMs

A

transtentorial herniation

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152
Q

apparent elongation of the superior cerebellar peduncles

A

Joubert syndrome

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153
Q

collagenous capsule surrounded by reactive gliosis (gemistocytic astrocytes)

A

brain abcess: old

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154
Q

raccoon eyes

A

basal skull fracture

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155
Q

lewy body that contains α-syn

A

Parkinsons dis

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156
Q

lumbar myelomeningocele

A

Arnold-chiari malformation type II

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157
Q

limb spasticity

A

Subacute panencephalitis (SSPE)

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158
Q

slowly progressive neurological deterioration, but sometimes there is acute decompensation

A

subdural hematoma

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159
Q

recurring infections

A

ALS

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160
Q

reduced cerebral blood flow

A

cerebral malaria

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161
Q

nausea/vomit

A

increased intracranial pressure

  • brain abcess
  • TB of CNS
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162
Q

Foaming of the mouth

A

rabies

-from contracture of the pharyngeal muscles

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163
Q

delirium

A

Arthropod borne viral encephalitis

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164
Q

death from resp failure

A

rabies

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165
Q

neural tissue and meninges that protrude through the vertebral defec

A

Myelomeningocele (or meningomyelocele)

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166
Q

headaches, nausea, vomiting, and papilledema

A

Delayed effects of radiation

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167
Q

Altered consciousness

A

Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area

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168
Q

obliterative endarteritis

A
  • TB of CNS

- Meningovascular neurosyphilis

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169
Q

paraplegia (if there is not prompt treatment)

A

Vit B12 deficiency

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170
Q

cyclopia

A

Holoprosencephaly

171
Q

oligospermia

A

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)

172
Q

mononuclear cell perivascular cuffs

A

Poliomyelitis

173
Q

Papilledema

A

increased intracranial pressure

  • most important
  • brain abcess
174
Q

gliomas of the optic nerve

A

NF1

175
Q

Acute: Hem, necrosis, axonal swelling

A

spinal cord injury

176
Q

arrest of psychomotor dev

A

Leigh synd

177
Q

choroid plexitis

A

Cytomegalovirus

178
Q

change in personality

A

Alzheimers dis

179
Q

Neurofibromas of the peripheral nerve

A

NF1

180
Q

Rapidly progressive motor signs of stiffness and weakness that appears between 3-6m of life

A

krabbe dis

181
Q

focal tissue destruction, pigment laden Mfs, and gliosis

A

slit hems

182
Q

Acute lesions exhibit central necrosis, petechial hem surrounded by acute and chronic inflammation, Mf infiltration, and vascular proliferation

A

Cerebral toxoplasmosis

183
Q

psychotic symptoms

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency)

184
Q

sleep prbs

A

-Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)

185
Q

depigmentation of substantial nigra

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

186
Q

reflex symmetry

A
  • Acute aseptic viral meningitis

- Arthropod borne viral encephalitis

187
Q

Central chromatolysis

A

Acute neuronal injury

188
Q

tau in frontal and temporal lobes

A

FTLD-tau

189
Q

stooped posture

A

Parkinsons dis

190
Q

fluid filled cavity in the inner portion of the cord that can extend into the brainstem

A

syringobulbi

191
Q

motor/sensory prbs

A

MS

192
Q

cystic space with hemosiderin Mfs

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency)

193
Q

paresis

A

Cerebral palsy

194
Q

worst ever sudden headache (and prob loose consciousness)

A

rupture of a sacular aneurism

195
Q

atrophy and fasciculations of the tongue and the dysphagia

A

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)

196
Q

Hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis

A

Joubert syndrome

197
Q

areas above and below the injury show wallerian degeneration

A

spinal cord injury

198
Q

behavioral changes and adrenal insufficiency.

A

Adrenoleukodystrophy

199
Q

amphicytes

A

Ataxia-telangiectasia

-enlargement of the nucleus in many cells: schwann cells, endothelial cells, and pituicytes

200
Q

Microglial nodules

A

HIV, rickettsia, other viruses

201
Q

spasticity

A

MS

202
Q

ulegyria

A

perinatal ischemic lesions of the cerebral cortex

-Thinned out gliotic gyri

203
Q

sinopulmonary infections

A

Ataxia-telangiectasia

204
Q

candle-guttering.

A

Tuberous sclerosis complex

-Large astrocyte-like cells will cluster beneath the ventricular surface

205
Q

if exposed to MPTP

A

–> destroys substantia nigra –>Parkinsons dis

206
Q

Alzheimer type 2 astrocyte

A

seen in ppl w long-standing hyperammonemia d/t chronic liver dis, Wilson dis, or hereditary metabolic disorders of the urea cycle

207
Q

necrotizing ventriculoencephalitis

A

Cytomegalovirus

208
Q

change in judgement

A

Alzheimers dis

209
Q

when the bridging veins in the subdural space rupture

A

Subdural hematoma

210
Q

tumor that grows grow en plaque

A

meningiomas

-tumor spreads in a sheetlike fashion along the dura

211
Q

Visual field defects

A

Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area

212
Q

seizure ds, intracerebral hem, or subarachnoid hem

A

vascular malformations

213
Q

bladder control prbs

A

MS

214
Q

bradykinesia

A

Huntingtons Ds LATER

215
Q

axonal swelling

A

HIV

216
Q

cytoplasmic inclusions of α-syn in oligodendrocytes

A

Multiple system atrophy (MSA)

-(more sensative to oxidative stress)

217
Q

Headache

A
  • increased intracranial pressure(most important)
  • subdural hematoma
  • meningitis
  • brain abcess
  • Subdural empyema
  • TB of CNS
  • rabies
  • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE)
218
Q

of GFAP positive astrocytic processes to make a fibrillary background appearance

A
  • Diffuse astrocytoma (type II infiltrating astrocytoma)
  • Pilocytic astrocytoma
  • Ependymoma
  • medullobalstoma***
219
Q

cerebritis

A

fulminant meningitis

- inflammatory cells infiltrate the walls of the leptomeningeal veins and can travel down into the brain

220
Q

apraxias

A

Corticobasal degeneration

-impaired higher cortical fct

221
Q

sarcomas, gliomas, and meningiomas

A

yrs after radiation exposure

222
Q

tumor that only appears in the cerebellum

A

medulloblastoma

223
Q

vascular dysfunction –> Rapidly progressing encph

A

cerebral malaria

224
Q

Burina bodies

A

ALS

-PAS positive cytoplasmic inclusions

225
Q

flaccid paralysis –> muscle wasting and hyporeflexia of the affected area–>paresis or paralysis

A

Poliomyelitis

-can affect diaphragm

226
Q

Multi-infarct dementia

A

HTN encephalopathy

227
Q

compression of resp and cardiac ctrs of brain

A

Tonsillar herniation

228
Q

T-cell leukemia

A

Ataxia-telangiectasia

229
Q

Cerebellar tonsils extend down into the vertebral canal

A

Chiari type I malformation

230
Q

tumor of superficial temporal lobe with attenuation of the overlying skull

A

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (type of neuronal tumor)

231
Q

cerebellar vermis is absent or barely there

A

Dandy-walker malformation

232
Q

cutaneous hyperpigmented spots (café au lait spots

A

NF1

233
Q

inflammation that is most severe in the brainstem

A

rabies

234
Q

perikaryon of neurons

A

Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz (CJD

235
Q

Meningitis associated septicemia with hem infarction of the adrenal glands and cutaneous petechiae

A

Waterhouse-friderichsen synd

236
Q

lethargy

A

increased intracranial pressure

  • brain abcess
  • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE)
237
Q

hirano bodies

A

Alzheimers Dis

238
Q

astrocytes that are sometimes filled with lipid

A

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma

239
Q

tangled vessels that are enlarged with lots of flow and pulsatile

A

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM)

240
Q

rigid vessels, but no fibrosis

A

cerebral amyloid angiopathy (

-amyloid causes the rigidity

241
Q

dialted lateral and 3rd ventricles

A

Huntingtons Ds

242
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • Arnold-chiari malformation type II
  • TB in CNS
  • ependymomas if in posterior fossa
  • medullobalstomas if they grow quickly
243
Q

exudate over cerebral convexities over the sagittal sinus

A

meningitis from pnemonia

244
Q

of chalky yellow plaques consisting of discrete regions of white matter necrosis and calcification

A

Periventricular leukamalacia

245
Q

feeding prbs

A

Leigh synd

246
Q

a neural tube defect that you must worry about infection

A
  • Myelomeningocele (or meningomyelocele)

- meningocele

247
Q

Battle’s sign

A

basal skull fracture

– reflecting orbital and mastoid hematomas

248
Q

Cysticerososis

A

can cause non-communicating hydrocephalus

249
Q

ataxia/athetosis

A

Cerebral palsy

250
Q

pseudobulbar palsy

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome

251
Q

bipolar with cystic and fibrillary areas in the same tumo

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

252
Q

facial n. palsies

A

Neuroborreliosis

253
Q

basal leptomeninges: they are thickened and opaque obstruct the outflow of CSF form the foramina of luschka and magendie hydrocephalus

A

crytococcal (fungal) meningitis

254
Q

tumor that affects the japanese

A

Primary germ cell tumors

255
Q

degeneration of ascending and descending spinal tracts from a defect in myelin formation

A

Vit B12 deficiency

256
Q

kuru plaques

A

Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz (CJD
-extracellular deposits of aggregated protein, congo red and PAS positive that typically occur in the cerebellum (cerebral cortex for vCJD)

257
Q

dystrophic mineralization and adjacent gliosis

A

exposure of methotrexate at the same time as radiation

258
Q

eye movement prbs.

A

Ataxia-telangiectasia

259
Q

tumor w anastamosing caps

A

oligodendroglioma

260
Q

amyloid core can be stained with congo red

A

plaques of Alzheimers Dis

261
Q

impaired upward gaze

A

increased intracranial pressure

-brain abcess

262
Q

psammoma bodies.

A

meningiomas

263
Q

cerebral dysfunction including headaches, confusion, vomiting, convulsions, and sometimes coma

A

HTN encephalopathy

264
Q

Vertigo

A

Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area

265
Q

jerking of limbs

A

Corticobasal degeneration

-asymm motor disturbances

266
Q

enlarged posterior fossa

A

Dandy-walker malformation

267
Q

know as Pick bodies

A

FTLD-tau

-smooth contoured inclusions

268
Q

ragged red fibers in the muscle

A

Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF)

269
Q

a’s in CNS have thickening of media and adventitia (filled w protein) but no sm

A

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)

270
Q

urinary inontinence, slow dementia, giat disturbance

A

Nml pressure hydrocephalus

271
Q

patches of irregular, ill-defines white matter injury

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

272
Q

spasticity

A
  • Cerebral palsy

- Friedreich ataxia

273
Q

tau in hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala

A

Alzheimers dis

274
Q

masked facies

A

Parkinsons dis

-diminished facial expression

275
Q

ophthalmoplegia

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency)

276
Q

Can lead to CHF do to shunt effects if a newborn is affected

A

vascular malformations

277
Q

Ocular palsy

A
  • Acute aseptic viral meningitis

- Arthropod borne viral encephalitis

278
Q

necrotizing vasculitis with focal hem

A

Arthropod borne viral encephalitis

279
Q

Lightning pains and loss of DTRs

A

Tabes dorsalis

280
Q

Mood, memory, and behavior prbs

A

Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) encephalitis

281
Q

mycobac avium-intracellulare

A

TB of CNS in AIDS pts

– lesions that contain confluent sheets of mfs filled w organisms, w few or no granulomas

282
Q

when vascualr dementia preferentially involves large areas of the subcortical white matter with myelin and axon loss

A

Binswanger dz

283
Q

Small, numerous, irregularly formed cerebral convolutions

A

Polymicrogyria

284
Q

Plaques next to the lateral ventricles, optic nerves/chiasm, ascending/descending tracts, sc and brainstem

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

285
Q

altered shape of the brainstem

A

Joubert syndrome

286
Q

kernohan notch

A

transtentorial herniation

287
Q

pallor of the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus

A

Parkinsons dis

288
Q

change in language and math skills

A

Alzheimers dis (after mem)

289
Q

Symmetrically dilated ventricles

A

Communicating hydrocephalus

290
Q

stupor/coma

A

Arthropod borne viral encephalitis

  • cerebral malaria
  • Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)
  • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE)
291
Q

neck stiffness

A
  • meningitis

- Subdural empyema

292
Q

malaise

A
  • TB of CNS

- rabies

293
Q

magnetic gait

A

Nml pressure hydrocephalus

294
Q

bat wing deformity where the lateral ventricles are misshapen

A

Agenesis of the corpus collosum

295
Q

tumor attached to the dura

A

meningiomas

296
Q

death from resp failure

A

rabies

297
Q

internuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

MS

298
Q

collections of neurons in wrong locations

A

Neural heterotopias

299
Q

nuchal dystonia

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome

300
Q

perivascular pseudorosettes

A

Ependymoma

-tumor is around the vessel with ependymal processes directed toward the wall

301
Q

dropping objects and prbs with fine motor tasks

A

ALS early

-asymmetric weakness of the hands

302
Q

Meningeal irritation

A
  • meningitis

- rabies

303
Q

resp m’s weakened

A

ALS

304
Q

trouble walking, speaking, or understanding, as well as paralysis or numbness of the face, arm, or leg

A

stroke (cerebrovasc dis)

305
Q

high grade tumor arising from pineocytes

A

Pineoblastomas

306
Q

neuronal achromasia

A

Corticobasal degeneration

307
Q

Dementia, gait prbs, pseudobulbar signs, and other focal neurological deficits

A

Vascular dementia

308
Q

strokes w reversible damage

A

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)

309
Q

aseptic meningitis

A
  • Neuroborreliosis

- HIV

310
Q

change in visuospatial orientation

A

Alzheimers dis

311
Q

metabolic prbs in those tissues affected

A

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)

312
Q

Jerky, hyperkinetic, sometimes dystonic movements involving all parts of the body (chorea)

A

Huntingtons Ds

313
Q

Tumor found within the ventricular system (esp lateral or 3rd)

A

Central neurocytoma

314
Q

Tuberculomas

A

TB of CNS

315
Q

CN s/s

A

MS

316
Q

seizures, autism, and mental retardation

A

Tuberous sclerosis complex

317
Q

osteomyelitis

A

Extradural abscess

318
Q

giant cells

A
  • TB of CNS

- HIV

319
Q

disturbances of higher cortical fct and consciousness, w/o localizing signs

A

Fat emboli can happen after a bone fx causing CVD

320
Q

cognitive decline

A

Subacute panencephalitis (SSPE)

321
Q

red neurons

A

Acute neuronal injury: n death from depletion of glucose, O2, or trauma

322
Q

Non-neoplastic enlarging cyst that grows on the roof of the 3rd ventricle where it can obstruct the foramina of monro to create non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

Colloid cyst of the 3rd ventricle(type of ependymoma)

323
Q

Degeneration of LMNs

A
  • Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)

- Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

324
Q

compression of PCA

A

transtentorial herniation

–>ischemia of visal cortex

325
Q

granulomatous arteritis

A

Varicella-zoster virus

326
Q

Ataxia

A
  • Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area
  • increased intracranial pressure
  • brain abcess
  • cerebral malaria
  • Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)
  • MS
  • Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
  • Friedreich ataxia
  • Ataxia-telangiectasia
  • Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF)
327
Q

cerebellar tonsil scarring

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

328
Q

Prominent enlarged cells with intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions

A

Cytomegalovirus

329
Q

found w silver impregnation or for immunoperoxidase stains for axonally transported protiens

A

Diffuse axonal injury

330
Q

caseous necrosis

A

TB of CNS

331
Q

charcot joints

A

Tabes dorsalis

-loss of pain which can lead to skin and joint damage

332
Q

renal angiomyolipomas, retinal glial hamartomas, pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis and cardiac rhabdomyomas

A

Tuberous sclerosis complex

333
Q

Androgen insensitivity

A

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy dz)

334
Q

isolated loss of pain and temp in the upper extremities

A

Syringomyelia

335
Q

extrapyramidal rigidity

A

Corticobasal degeneration

336
Q

cloudy consciousness

A

meningitis

337
Q

difficulty with voluntary eye movements

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome

338
Q

change in behavior

A

increased intracranial pressure

-brain abcess

339
Q

hem and necrosis in mammillary bodies and the walls of the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

Wernicke encephalopathy (Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency)

340
Q

tumors that spread along the surface of the brain

A

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors

341
Q

myopathy

A

Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF)

342
Q

(all of the symp of parkinsons)

A

Multiple system atrophy (MSA)

343
Q

tachyzoites and encysted bradyzoites at periphery

A

Cerebral toxoplasmosis

344
Q

extraocular palsies

A

Leigh synd

345
Q

sensory neuropathy

A

Friedreich ataxia

346
Q

progressive truncal rigidity

A

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Atypical Parkinsonism Syndrome

347
Q

myelin pallor

A

HIV

348
Q

tufted astrocytes

A

Corticobasal degeneration

-Tau immunoreactivity found in astrocytes

349
Q

cognitive deficits

A

cerebral malaria

350
Q

Consist of aggregates of ectatic venous channels

A

Venous angiomas (varices)

351
Q

Small posterior fossa

A

Arnold-chiari malformation type II

352
Q

asscoc w prior radiation therapy to the head and neck decades earlier

A

meningiomas

353
Q

vessels near the lesions: marked intimal proliferation or vasculitis with fribrinoid necrosis and thrombosis

A

Cerebral toxoplasmosis

354
Q

misshapen midline cerebellum w/downward extension of vermis through the foramen magnum

A

Arnold-chiari malformation type II

355
Q

plaque jaune

A

Old brain contusion

•Depressed, retracted, yellowish-brown patches involving the crests of gyri (plaque jaune).

356
Q

abscesses mostly affect the cerebral cortex and the deep grey nuclei

A

Cerebral toxoplasmosis

357
Q

acute encph characterized by numerous sharply circumscribed demyelinating leisons that undergo necrosis

A

Varicella-zoster virus in immunocomp ppl

358
Q

ring enhancing lesions upon imaging

A

cerebral toxoplasmosis (NOT DEFINING)

359
Q

Venous angioma of the spinal cord and overlying meninges: ischemic injury to the spinal cord and slowly progressive neuro symptoms

A

Foix-Alajouanine dz (angiodysgenetic necrotizing myelopathy):

360
Q

ongoing myelin breakdown with lots of Mfs containing lipid-rich PAS-positive debris.
There are also lots of

A

active plaques of MS

361
Q

wheelchair bound within 5y of onset

A

Friedreich ataxia

362
Q

neuronophagia

A
  • Arthropod borne viral encephalitis
  • poliomyelitis in ant horn
  • foci of necrosis in grey and white matter, esp single cell neuronal necrosis with phagocytosis of the debris
363
Q

arrhinencephaly

A

Holoprosencephaly

364
Q

irritability

A

meningitis

365
Q

pill rolling tremor

A

Parkinsons dis

366
Q

meningeal irritation

A

Poliomyelitis

367
Q

only meninges (no neural tissue) that extends out of the opening

A

meningocele

368
Q

greater than 20 per 10 high power fields

A

Anaplastic (malignant) meningiomas

369
Q

tumors of similar poorly diff histology resembling medulloblastomas, from the peripheral tumor

A

CNS Supratentiorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (CNS PNET)

370
Q

edema and vascular congestion

A

rabies

371
Q

aggregates of TDP-43 in nucleus, cytoplasm, or neurites

A

FTLD-TDP

372
Q

nystagmus

A

MS

373
Q

relative circumscription

A

-Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma

374
Q

general paresis of the insane

A

Paretic neurosyphilis
-Insidious and progressive cognitive impairment that results in mood prbs with delusions of grandeur that will end in severe dementia

375
Q

changes in personality, behavior, and language come about before changes in memory

A

Frontotemporal lobar degenerations (FTLDs)

376
Q

small cysts within the parenchyma (soap bubbles)

A

crytococcal (fungal) meningitis

377
Q

Widespread lesions involving white matter

A

embolization of bone marrow after trauma causing CVD

378
Q

Parenchymal damage of the frontal lobe

A

Paretic neurosyphilis

-loss of neurons, proliferation of microglia, gliosis, and iron deposits

379
Q

cognitive and motor deterioration

A

Neuronal storage dzs: Ceroid lipocuscinoses

380
Q

meningitis that involves the base of the brain

A

Meningovascular neurosyphilis

381
Q

large destructive cysts

A

Multicystic encephalopathy

382
Q

includes rhabdoid cells

A

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors

383
Q

CSF drainage compromised bc foramina or Luschka and Magendie not formed

A

Dandy-walker malformation

384
Q

spastic weakness in the lower extremities

A

Vit B12 deficiency

385
Q

Gliomas can also occur in these pts, typically these are ependymomas

A

NF2

386
Q

Rosenthal fibers

A
  • pilocytic astrocytoma in post fossa

- Alexander dz

387
Q

hamartomas and benign tumors in the brain or other tissues

A

Tuberous sclerosis complex

388
Q

coiled bodies

A

Corticobasal degeneration

-Tau immunoreactivity found in oligodendtocytes

389
Q

blindness

A

toxic disorder from methanol

-killing off the retinal ganglion cell

390
Q

chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate

A

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma

391
Q

Unilateral visual prbs

A

MS

- from damage to the optic nerve (optic neuritis, retrobulbar neuritis

392
Q

Palsy 1+ CNs

A

Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar area

393
Q

Lafora bodies

A

mycoclonic epilepsy

394
Q

chronic adhesive arachnoiditis

A
  • pneumococcal meningitis
  • TB of CNS
  • capsular polysaccharide of the bug can make a gelatinous exudate the promotes arachnoid fibrosis
395
Q

Rosenthal fibers and eosinophilic granular bodies

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

396
Q

perivascular pigment laden or foamy Mfs

A

HIV

397
Q

local paresthesias around the wound

A

rabies

398
Q

develop renal cell carcinoma and pheochromocytoma

A

Von Hippel-Lindau ds

399
Q

brain is protruding into the defect

A

Encephalocele

400
Q

rigidity

A
  • Parkinsons dis

- Huntingtons Ds LATER

401
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

Alzheimers Dis

402
Q

poorly differentiated

A

medulloblastoma

403
Q

Separated by gliotic tissue with evidence of prior hem

A

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM)

404
Q

happens around vessels, but the damage is more severe and actually kills off the small blood vessels.

A

Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis

405
Q

Linked to fetal alcohol syndrome and HIV infection in utero

A

microcephaly

406
Q

Microscopic foci of dialated thin walled vessels separated by normal parenchyma

A

Capillary telangiectasias

407
Q

kyphoscoliosis

A

Friedreich ataxia

408
Q

Pts that have many b/l grey and white matter infarcts over many years might get:

A

Vascular dementia

409
Q

periventricular necrosis with severe brain destruction followed later by microcephaly and periventricular calcification

A

Cytomegalovirus

410
Q

Non- Symmetrically dilated ventricles

A

Noncommunicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus

411
Q

hypokinetic mvmt

A

Parkinsons dis

412
Q

multiple microabscesses (maybe granulomas)

A

-candidiasis (fungal) Parenchymal infection in meningioencephalitis

413
Q

lesions in the filum terminale

A

Myxopapillary ependymomas

414
Q

spongiform change

A
  • prion dis

- Leigh synd

415
Q

venous thrombosis and hem infarction of the underlying brain

A

fulminant meningitis

-from phlebitis

416
Q

Medium spiny neurons using GABA, encephalin, dynorphin, and substance P are esp affected

A

Huntingtons Ds

417
Q

Expansion of the ependymal lined cord of the central canal of the cord

A

Hydromyelia

418
Q

Negri bodies

A

rabies

419
Q
  • Early: pericap edema and hemorrhage
  • hours: blood into white matter and subarachnoid space
  • day: Pyknosis of the nucleus, eosinophilla of cytoplasm, and disintegration of the cell
A

brain contusion

420
Q

spastiicty and choreoathetoid mvmts

A

cystic fibrosis

421
Q

cutaneous lesions like angiofibromas, localized leathery patches (shagreen patches), hypopigmented areas (ash-leaf patches), and subungual patches

A

Tuberous sclerosis complex

422
Q

infection from surgery of sinusitis

A

Extradural abscess

423
Q

viral inclusions mostly found in the nuclei of oligodendrocytes and neurons

A

Subacute panencephalitis (SSPE)

424
Q

after a while, very disabled, mute, immobile

A

Alzheimers dis

NS2 (15 decks)

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