CH. 28 Reproductive System Flashcards
What are the primary sex organs of males and females?
Gonads -
Males: testes
Females: ovaries
What are the accessory reproductive organs of the female?
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and mammary glands
What are the different type of ovarian follicles?
1) primordial follicel
2) primary follicle
3) secondary follicle
4) antral follicle
5) mature follicle
6) corpus luteum
7) corpus albicans
What is oogenesis?
the maturation of a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte
What is ovulation and how is it induced?
defined as the release of the secondary oocyte from a mature follicle
induced when there is a peak in LH secretion
What occurs during the luteal phase?
days 15 - 28 of the ovarian cycle when the remaining granulosa cells in the ruptured mature follicle turn into a corpus luteum
- secretes progesterone and estrogen that stabilize and build up the uterine lining, and prepare for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum
What marks the end of the luteal phase?
a female’s period
When is menopause reached?
When there are no longer any ovarian follicles or the follicle that remain stop maturing; significant amounts of estrogen and progesterione are no longer secreted
What is the mucosa of the wall of the uterine tube formed from?
ciliated columnar epithelium and a layer of areolar connective tissue
What is the muscularis layer of the wall of the uterine tube composed of?
an inner circular layer and an outer longitudional layer of smooth muscle cells
What are the regions that the uterus is partioned into?
1) fundus
2) body
3) isthmus
4) cervix
What is the significance of the mucus plug at the extermal os of the cervix?
a thick mucus plug that functions as a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from invading the uterus from the vagina
What are three concentric tunics that the uterine wall is composed of?
perimetrium: outermost layer
myometrium: thick, middle tunic formed from three intertwining layers of smooth muscle
endometrium: innermost tunic; intricate mucosa composed of a simple columnar ET and underlying lamina propria
What are the 3 distinct phases of the uterine cycle/endometrium development?
1) menstrual phase: marked by the sloughing of the functional layer
2) proliferative phase: follicle growth and estrogen secretion by ovary
3) secretory phase: increased progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum that results in increased vascularization and development of uterine glands
What are the three tunics of the vagina?
relatively thin, distensible wall
1) inner mucosa: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
2) middle muscularis: outer layer is composed of longitudional smooth muscle cells and inner circular layer smooth muscle cells interwoven with outer longitudional muscle fibers at point where two muscle layers meet
3) outer adventitia: inner elastic fibers and outer layer of areolar connective tissue
What are the accessory organs of the male reproductive system?
complex set of ducts and tubules leading from the testes to the penis, a group of male accessory glands, and the penis
Why is the scrotum essential to sperm development?
it provides the ideal temperature, about 2-3 degrees celsius lower than internal body temperature, for producing and storing sperm
What occurs when the testes are exposed to elevated temperatures?
The dartos muscle, a smooth muscle layer, relaxes and the skin of the scrotum relaxes ot move the testes away from the body; cremaster muscle also relaxes to move testes inferiorly from body
- cremaster and dartos muscle contract to bring testes closer in colder temperatures
What is the spermatic cord and what three layers does it consist of?
a structure in which blood vessels and nerves travel to the testis within the abdomen to the scotum
1) internal spermatic fascia
2) cremaster muscle and cremasteric fascia
3) external spermatic fascia
What serous membrane covers each testis?
tunica vaginalis: derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity
tunica albuginea: a thick, whitish, fibrous capsule that covers the testis and lies immediately deep to the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis
What two types of cells are contained within the seminiferous tubules?
1) a group of nondiving supporting cells called the sustentacular cells
2) a population of dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm beginning at puberty; provide a protective/nourishing environment for developing sperm
What do all sperm cells develop from within the process of spermatogenesis?
primordial germ (stem) cells called spermatogonia
How does a spermatogonia evolve through the process of spermatogenesis?
spermatogonia (stem cell) w/ 46 chromosomes -
divide by mitosis (one spermatogonia and one primary spermatocye, exact copy of spermatogonia) -
primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to make two secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes only) -
secondary spermatocytes go through meiosis II to form spermatids -
spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to form mature sperm/spermatozoa
How is sperm movement through ducts faciliated?
smooth muscle contractions within the ducts stimulated by release of oxytocin from the hypothalamus
