CH. 28 Reproductive System

Question 1

What are the primary sex organs of males and females?

Answer 1

Gonads -

Males: testes

Females: ovaries

Question 2

What are the accessory reproductive organs of the female?

Answer 2

uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and mammary glands

Question 3

What are the different type of ovarian follicles?

Answer 3

1) primordial follicel
2) primary follicle
3) secondary follicle
4) antral follicle
5) mature follicle
6) corpus luteum
7) corpus albicans

Question 4

What is oogenesis?

Answer 4

the maturation of a primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte

Question 5

What is ovulation and how is it induced?

Answer 5

defined as the release of the secondary oocyte from a mature follicle

induced when there is a peak in LH secretion

Question 6

What occurs during the luteal phase?

Answer 6

days 15 - 28 of the ovarian cycle when the remaining granulosa cells in the ruptured mature follicle turn into a corpus luteum

• secretes progesterone and estrogen that stabilize and build up the uterine lining, and prepare for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum

Question 7

What marks the end of the luteal phase?

Answer 7

a female’s period

Question 8

When is menopause reached?

Answer 8

When there are no longer any ovarian follicles or the follicle that remain stop maturing; significant amounts of estrogen and progesterione are no longer secreted

Question 9

What is the mucosa of the wall of the uterine tube formed from?

Answer 9

ciliated columnar epithelium and a layer of areolar connective tissue

Question 10

What is the muscularis layer of the wall of the uterine tube composed of?

Answer 10

an inner circular layer and an outer longitudional layer of smooth muscle cells

Question 11

What are the regions that the uterus is partioned into?

Answer 11

1) fundus
2) body
3) isthmus
4) cervix

Question 12

What is the significance of the mucus plug at the extermal os of the cervix?

Answer 12

a thick mucus plug that functions as a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from invading the uterus from the vagina

Question 13

What are three concentric tunics that the uterine wall is composed of?

Answer 13

perimetrium: outermost layer
myometrium: thick, middle tunic formed from three intertwining layers of smooth muscle
endometrium: innermost tunic; intricate mucosa composed of a simple columnar ET and underlying lamina propria

Question 14

What are the 3 distinct phases of the uterine cycle/endometrium development?

Answer 14

1) menstrual phase: marked by the sloughing of the functional layer
2) proliferative phase: follicle growth and estrogen secretion by ovary
3) secretory phase: increased progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum that results in increased vascularization and development of uterine glands

Question 15

What are the three tunics of the vagina?

Answer 15

relatively thin, distensible wall

1) inner mucosa: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
2) middle muscularis: outer layer is composed of longitudional smooth muscle cells and inner circular layer smooth muscle cells interwoven with outer longitudional muscle fibers at point where two muscle layers meet
3) outer adventitia: inner elastic fibers and outer layer of areolar connective tissue

Question 16

What are the accessory organs of the male reproductive system?

Answer 16

complex set of ducts and tubules leading from the testes to the penis, a group of male accessory glands, and the penis

Question 17

Why is the scrotum essential to sperm development?

Answer 17

it provides the ideal temperature, about 2-3 degrees celsius lower than internal body temperature, for producing and storing sperm

Question 18

What occurs when the testes are exposed to elevated temperatures?

Answer 18

The dartos muscle, a smooth muscle layer, relaxes and the skin of the scrotum relaxes ot move the testes away from the body; cremaster muscle also relaxes to move testes inferiorly from body

• cremaster and dartos muscle contract to bring testes closer in colder temperatures

Question 19

What is the spermatic cord and what three layers does it consist of?

Answer 19

a structure in which blood vessels and nerves travel to the testis within the abdomen to the scotum

1) internal spermatic fascia
2) cremaster muscle and cremasteric fascia
3) external spermatic fascia

Question 20

What serous membrane covers each testis?

Answer 20

tunica vaginalis: derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity

tunica albuginea: a thick, whitish, fibrous capsule that covers the testis and lies immediately deep to the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis

Question 21

What two types of cells are contained within the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 21

1) a group of nondiving supporting cells called the sustentacular cells
2) a population of dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm beginning at puberty; provide a protective/nourishing environment for developing sperm

Question 22

What do all sperm cells develop from within the process of spermatogenesis?

Answer 22

primordial germ (stem) cells called spermatogonia

Question 23

How does a spermatogonia evolve through the process of spermatogenesis?

Answer 23

spermatogonia (stem cell) w/ 46 chromosomes -

divide by mitosis (one spermatogonia and one primary spermatocye, exact copy of spermatogonia) -

primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to make two secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes only) -

secondary spermatocytes go through meiosis II to form spermatids -

spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to form mature sperm/spermatozoa

Question 24

How is sperm movement through ducts faciliated?

Answer 24

smooth muscle contractions within the ducts stimulated by release of oxytocin from the hypothalamus

Question 25

Where are sperm stored unitl they are fully mature and capable of being motile?

Answer 25

epididymis

Question 26

What pathway does the ductus deferens travel through?

Answer 26

within the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal, and then within the pelvic cavity before it nears the prostate gland

Question 27

What is the wall of the ductus deferens composed of?

Answer 27

1) inner mucosa: lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2) middle muscularis: contains 3 layers of smooth muscle, inner longitudional, middle circular, and outer longitudional layer
- contraction of muscularis is necessary to move sperm through vas deferens
3) outer adventitia

Question 28

What are the subdivisions of the urethra?

Answer 28

1) prostatic urethra: extends through the prostate gland
2) membranous urethra: travels through the urogenital diaphragm
3) spongy urethra: extends through the penis

Question 29

What is the function of seminal fluid?

Answer 29

neutralizes the acidity of the vagina and nourishes the sperm with nutrients as it travels through the female reproductive tract

Question 30

What accessory glands produce seminal fluids?

Answer 30

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands

Question 31

What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

Answer 31

a viscous, whitish yellow fluid containing fructose, prostaflandins, and bicarbonate

Question 32

What does the prostate gland secrete?

Answer 32

a slightly milky fluid that is weakly acidic and rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, and prostate specific antigen

Question 33

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

Answer 33

a clear, viscous mucin that forms mucus; lubricates the urethra prior to ejaculation