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NRS 128 Test 1 > CH 28 -- Infection Prevention & Control > Flashcards

CH 28 -- Infection Prevention & Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Infectious agent

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2
Q

What is colonization?

A

Organism that multiplies within a host but does not cause an infection

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3
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

Illness such as viral meningitis or pneumonia

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4
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

An infectious disease that is transmitted from one person to another

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5
Q

What is pH?

A

Acidity of the environment

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6
Q

What is a portal of exit?

A
  • blood
  • mucous membranes
  • respiratory tract
  • genitourinary tract
  • G.I. tract
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7
Q

What is the major route of transmission?

A

The unwashed hands of a healthcare worker

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8
Q

What is virulence?

A

Ability to survive in the host or outside the body

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9
Q

What is susceptibility?

A

Individual’s degree of resistance to pathogens

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10
Q

What is immunocompromised?

A

Having an impaired immune system

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11
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

A place for a pathogen survives

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12
Q

What are carriers?

A

Persons who show no symptoms of illness but who have the pathogens that are transferred to others

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13
Q

What is aerobic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that require oxygen for survival

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14
Q

What is anaerobic bacteria?

A

Bacteria thrive with little or no free oxygen

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15
Q

What is bacteriostasis?

A

Prevention of the growth and reproduction of bacteria by cold temperatures

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16
Q

What is bactericidal?

A

A temperature or chemical that destroys bacteria

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17
Q

What is the cycle of infection?

A
  • an infectious agent or parasite
  • a reservoir or source
  • a portal of exit from the reservoir or source
  • a mode of transmission
  • a portal of entry to a host
  • a susceptible host
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18
Q

What are the most common modes of transmission?

A
  • direct
  • indirect
  • droplets
  • airborne
  • vehicles
  • vector
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19
Q

What is a direct mode of transmission?

A

Person–to–person or physical source and susceptible host

20
Q

What is an indirect mode of transmission?

A

Personal contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated inanimate object

21
Q

What is droplet mode of transmission?

A

Large particles that can travel up to 3 feet and come into contact with the host

22
Q

What is airborne mode of transmission?

A

Droplets that are suspended in the air

23
Q

What are vehicles (mode of transmission)?

A

Contaminated items

24
Q

What is a vector (mode of transmission)?

A

Internal and external transmissions

25
Q

What are two types of infections?

A
  • localized

- systemic

26
Q

What is a localized infection?

A

Wound infection; patient experiences localized symptoms

27
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

An infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ

28
Q

What are the normal body defenses against infection:

A
  • normal flora
  • body system defenses
  • inflammation
29
Q

What is normal flora?

A
  • defense against infection
  • Microorganisms that normally reside on surface and deep layers of skin, in saliva, and in intestinal walls and G.I. tract
30
Q

What are body system defenses?

A
  • defense against infection

* Skin, mouth, eyes, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract and vagina have unique defenses against infection

31
Q

What is inflammation?

A
  • defense against infection
  • body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation
  • protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to an area of injury
32
Q

Acute inflammation - vascular and cellular responses

A
  • rapid vasodilation causes redness at site and localized warmth
  • allows phagocytosis to occur
33
Q

Acute inflammation - inflammatory exudate

A
  • accumulation of fluid and dead tissue cells
  • wbc’s form at site
  • exudate may be serous, sanguineous, or purulent
34
Q

Acute inflammation - tissue repair

A

Healing involves the defenses, reconstructive, and maturative stages

35
Q

What is an exogenous (nosocomial infection)?

A

Comes from microorganisms outside the individual that do not exist in normal floras

36
Q

What is an endogenous (nosocomial infection)?

A

Occurs when part of the patient’s flora becomes altered and overgrowth occurs

37
Q

Susceptibility to infection – age

A

Infant: immature defense
Middle-aged adults: viruses common
Older adult: cell-mediated immunity declines

38
Q

Susceptibility to infection – nutritional status

A

Reduction in intake of protein, CHOs, and fats reduces the body’s defenses and impairs wound healing

39
Q

Susceptibility to infection – stress

A

Basal metabolic rates increase, serum glucose levels increase and decrease anti-inflammatory responses with elevated cortisone levels

40
Q

Susceptibility to infection – disease process

A

People w/ diseases of the immune system (leukemia, AIDS) and chronic diseases have weakened defenses against infection

41
Q

Standard precautions (tier 1)

A
  • designed for ALL patients in ALL settings

- contact w/ blood, body fluids, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes

42
Q

Isolation precautions (tier 2)

A
  • based on mode of transmission of disease

- airborne, droplet, contact, and protective environment

43
Q

What common waste materials are considered infectious?

A
  • wounds
  • stool
  • blood
  • urine
44
Q

What are these 9 responsibilities of infection control professionals?

A
  1. provide education
  2. develop policies and procedures
  3. recommend appropriate isolation procedures
  4. screen patient records
  5. consult with health depts
  6. gather stats regarding epidemiology
  7. notify public health dept if communicable disease
  8. consult w/ all depts to investigate unusal events or clusters
  9. monitor antibiotic resistant organisms
45
Q

What does the severity of illness depend on?

A
  • extent of infection
  • susceptibility of host
  • pathogenicity of the microorganism
46
Q

What is an iatrogenic infection?

A

An infection that results from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.

NRS 128 Test 1 (6 decks)

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