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A-BIOL 1191 LECTURE > CH 28 > Flashcards

CH 28 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the reproductive systems specialized to do?

A

produce, nourish, and deliver haploid gametes

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2
Q

what are the three categories of reproductive structures?

A
  1. gonads
  2. ducts
  3. supporting structures
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3
Q

what do the gonads do?

A

produce gametes, secrete hormones

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4
Q

what do the reproductive ducts do?

A

store and deliver gametes and sexual secretions

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5
Q

what do the reproductive supporting structures do?

A

help in transport of gametes

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6
Q

what is urology?

A

branch of medicine dedicated to studying the urinary system, also encompasses disorders of the male genital system

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7
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

loose skin pouch and adipose CT containing the testes

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8
Q

what composes a testicle?

A

scrotum + testis

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9
Q

what is the raphe of the testes?

A

the median seam that divides scrotum into 2 compartments and smooth muscle fibres forming dartos muscle

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10
Q

what is the dartos muscle?

A

smooth muscle in the scrotum

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11
Q

what is the cremaster muscle?

A

fibres of the internal oblique muscle that descend into the scrotum around each testis

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12
Q

what do the cremaster and dartos muscle do?

A

contract in cold temperatures, pulling testings superiorly and posteriorly toward pelvic cavity

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13
Q

what is the benefit of the scrotum wrinkling in cold temps?

A

provides cover and insulation for the testes

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14
Q

what is the benefit of the testes being outside the pelvic cavity?

A

ensures temps remains constant for spermatogenesis

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15
Q

what is the optimal temperature for spermatogenesis to occur?

A

35°C

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16
Q

where do the testes develop during fetal development?

A

near kidneys, they descend during 7th month of fetal development

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17
Q

when and through where do the testes descend?

A

during 7th month of fetal development through inguinal canals

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18
Q

what does the CT layer covering the testes do?

A

divides the testes into lobules

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19
Q

what does each testis lobule contain?

A

1-2 coiled seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

what are seminiferous tubules?

A

site of spermatogenesis in the testes

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21
Q

what are germ cells?

A

reproductive stem cells that divide via meiosis

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22
Q

what are spermatogonia?

A

undifferentiated, somatic cells that are inactive during childhood and begin maturation at puberty

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23
Q

where are the most mature cells found in the seminiferous tubules?

A

found close to the lumen of tubules

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24
Q

what are nurse cells?

A

sheet of cells joined by tight junctions found in the seminiferous tubules

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25
Q

what cells form an impermeable barrier to blood?

A

nurse cells

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26
Q

what is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

A

sperm express foreign antigens, so the barrier prevents immune system from recognizing and destroying the sperm

  • also prevents inflammation in the testes
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27
Q

what do the nurse cells do?

A
  • form blood-testis barrier
  • provide nutrients to spermatogonia
  • phagocytize extra spermatids
  • control release of mature sperm to lumen
  • release inhibin and control FSH effects and testosterone on testes
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28
Q

what are interstitial endocrine cells?

A

cells between seminiferous tubules in the testes

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29
Q

what do the interstitial endocrine cells do?

A

secrete androgens such as testosterone

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30
Q

what are androgens?

A

hormones that support secondary sexual characteristics and libido

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31
Q

what is libido?

A

sex drive

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32
Q

spermatogonium: diploid or haploid?

A

2n (diploid)

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33
Q

primary spermatocyte: diploid or haploid?

A

2n (diploid)

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34
Q

secondary spermatocyte: diploid or haploid?

A

n (haploid)

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35
Q

spermatid: diploid or haploid?

A

n (haploid)

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36
Q

why is there no intervening interphase between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?

A

DNA is already replicated, don’t need to go through S phase again

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37
Q

what happens during meiosis I?

A

homologous chromosomes separates into 2 HAPLOID daughter cells

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38
Q

what happens during meiosis II?

A

sister chromatids of replicated chromosomes are separated

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39
Q

how long does spermatogenesis occur?

A

65-75 days

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40
Q

where does spermatogenesis start?

A

at basement membrane of seminiferous tubules with spermatogonia (2n)

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41
Q

how do primary spermatocytes form?

A

when some 2n spermatogonia break loose from basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and squeeze through blood-testis barrier into tubule lumen

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42
Q

how do secondary spermatocytes form?

A

each primary spermatocyte (2n) undergoes interphase (DNA replication) then undergoing Meiosis I

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43
Q

how do spermatids form?

A

each secondary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis II

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44
Q

do sperm undergo cytokinesis during meiosis?

A

NO! heads remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges

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45
Q

what may be a reason why sperm remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges?

A

genes on X chromosome may be required for regular development, so sperm w/o an X chromosome may not develop properly if no cytoplasmic bridge

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46
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

full maturation of spermatids into sperm

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47
Q

what happens during spermiogenesis?

A
  • formation of acrosome
  • formation of flagellum
  • replication of mitochondria
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48
Q

what is an acrosome?

A

vesicle full of digesting enzymes

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49
Q

how do sperm form?

A

spermatids undergo spermiogenesis

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50
Q

what is spermiation?

A

process of nurse cells releasing sperm into lumen of seminiferous tubules

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51
Q

why do sperm need help from nurse cells during spermiation?

A

sperm cannot swim yet, not motile

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52
Q

what enzymes can be found in the acrosome?

A
  • hyaluronidase
  • proteases
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53
Q

what does hyaluronidase do?

A

breaks down hyaluronan in extracellular matrix of cells (like the ones surrounding the oocyte)

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54
Q

what do proteases do?

A

catabolize proteins (like the ones surrounding the oocyte)

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55
Q

what are four parts of a sperm’s tail?

A
  • neck
  • middle piece
  • principal piece
  • end piece
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56
Q

what is the neck of the sperm’s tail?

A

contains centrioles that grow flagellar microtubules

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57
Q

what is the middle piece of the sperm’s tail?

A

contains mitochondria required for swimming

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58
Q

what is the principal piece of the sperm’s tail?

A

most of the flagellar tail of the sperm

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59
Q

what is the end piece of the sperm’s tail?

A

tapered terminus of the flagellum

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60
Q

what happens to GnRH levels during puberty?

A

increases, acts on anterior pituitary’s gonadotrophic cells to release FSH and LH

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61
Q

what does LH stimulate in males?

A

stimulates interstitial endocrine cells to release testosterone

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62
Q

what does testosterone do to GnRH levels?

A

exerts negative feedback on both hypothalamus and gonadotrophic cells to decrease GnRH and LH secretion

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63
Q

where is dihydrotestosterone made?

A

in prostate gland and external genitals

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64
Q

how is dihydrotestosterone made?

A

in prostate and external genitals:

testosterone binds enzymes (e.g. 5-alpha-reductase), forming dihydrotestosterone

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65
Q

what does dihydrotestosterone do?

A

support development of external genitals

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66
Q

what does testosterone do in utero?

A

support brain development

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67
Q

what do both DHT and testosterone do?

A
  • bind same receptors on target cells
  • support male secondary sex characteristics
  • responsible for libido in both sexes
  • stimulate anabolism
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68
Q

what are some male secondary sex characteristics?

A
  • pattern of hair growth
  • sebaceous gland activity
  • muscle and skeletal growth
  • deepening of voice
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69
Q

high testosterone levels exert negative feedback on what organ?

A

hypothalamus - decreasing GnRH production - decreases LH release - decreases testosterone synthesis

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70
Q

what is the stimulus for the negative feedback of testosterone on the hypothalamus?

A

HIGH levels of testosterone in blood

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71
Q

what are the receptors for the negative feedback of testosterone on the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamus’s neurosecretory cells

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72
Q

what is the control centre for the negative feedback of testosterone on the hypothalamus?

A

anterior pituitary’s gonadotrophic cells

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73
Q

what are the effectors for the negative feedback of testosterone on the hypothalamus?

A

interstitial endocrine cells

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74
Q

what is the response for the negative feedback of testosterone on the hypothalamus?

A

decrease in blood testosterone levels

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75
Q

how do nurse cells push sperm through seminiferous tubules?

A

they produce fluid that exerts pressure on mature sperm to push them

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76
Q

what is the stimulus for spermiation?

A

complete cytokinesis of the spermatids

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77
Q

what is the path sperm take to get to epididymis?

A

seminiferous tubules → rete testis → efferent ductules duct of epididymis → epididymis

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78
Q

what is the rete testis?

A

system of ducts within each testis

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79
Q

what is the epididymis?

A

coiled organ that wraps each testis superiorly and posteriorly

  • where sperm matures and develops motility
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80
Q

what is the histology of the duct of epididymis?

A

lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, surrounded by smooth muscle and CT

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81
Q

what does the apical surface of the duct of epididymis’s epithelium consist of?

A

stereocilia: microvilli that absorb dead/damaged sperm

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82
Q

how long do sperm gain the ability to be motile?

A

14 days in epididymis

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83
Q

how does epididymis move sperm itno vas deferens to prepare semen for ejaculation?

A

during sexual arousal, epididymis performs peristaltic contractions pushing sperm into vas deferens

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84
Q

what is the function of the vas deferens?

A

performs peristaltic contractions to facilitate sperm delivery during ejaculation

also stores and absorbs old sperm

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85
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct?

A

duct formed by fusion of ampulla of vas deferns and the ducts from the seminal gland

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86
Q

what goes through the ejaculatory duct?

A

sperm + seminal fluid

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87
Q

what is seminal fluid?

A

alkaline fluid containing fructose, prostagandins, and clotting proteins

  • contributes 60% of semen volume
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88
Q

what does alkaline fluid in seminal fluid do?

A

neutralizes acidity of vagina

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89
Q

what does fructose in seminal fluid do?

A

used by sperm for ATP production

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90
Q

what does prostalgandin in seminal fluid do?

A

unknown

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91
Q

what do clotting proteins in seminal fluid do?

A

allows semen to coagulate in vagina, prevents sperm from falling out

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92
Q

what is prostatic fluid?

A

acidic secretion w/ pH 6.5 containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase, and seminalplasmin

  • contributes to 25% of semen volume
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93
Q

what does citric acid in prostatic fluid do?

A

used by sperm in Krebs cycle to generate ATP

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94
Q

what do proteolytic enzymes in prostatic fluid do?

A

catabolize clotting proteins in semen, contributing to liquefaction

(especially prostate-specific antigen)

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95
Q

what is prostate-specific antigen?

A

proteolytic enzyme in prostatic fluid that catabolizes clotting proteins in semen

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96
Q

what does acid phosphatase in prostatic fluid do?

A

unknown

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97
Q

what does seminalplasmin in prostatic fluid do?

A

antibiotic that decreases bacterial load in semen, and maybe, in female vagina

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98
Q

what are the bulbourethral glands?

A

pea-sized glands inferior to prostate and lateral to membranous urethra that secrete alkaline fluid and mucus

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99
Q

what does alkaline fluid secreted by the bulbourethral glands do?

A

protect sperm from acidic urine in male urethra

100
Q

what does mucus secreted by bulbourethral glands do?

A

lubricates spongy urethra to decrease sperm damaged during ejaculation

101
Q

what is semen?

A

fluid containing secretions from seminal glands, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, and sperm

102
Q

what is the composition of semen?

A
  • alkaline (pH 7.2-7.7)
  • milky appearance
  • 2.5-5mL/ejaculation
  • 50-150million sperm/mL
103
Q

why does semen coagulate ~5min after ejaculation?

A

because of clotting proteins

104
Q

why does semen become more liquid after 10-20 minutes post-ejaculation?

A

proteolytic enzymes from prostate catabolize clotting proteins

105
Q

why is liquefaction of semen important?

A

liquefaction allows release of sperm so they can swim away, facilitates sperm motility

106
Q

what three cylinders of tissue is the body of the penis made out of?

A
  1. deep dense CT
  2. intermediate corpora cavernosa penis
  3. corpus spongiosum penis
107
Q

what is the function of the corpus spongiosum?

A

contains the spongy urethra, keeps it open during ejaculation

108
Q

what is erectile tissue?

A

tissue composing the penis that engorge with blood during sexual arousal

109
Q

what is the glans penis?

A

distal acorn-shaped end of the penis that may be covered by the prepuce

110
Q

what is the bulb of the penis?

A

the expanded base at the point of the attachment to the pubis
- attached to muscles that facilitate both urination and ejaculation

111
Q

what is the root of the penis?

A

attaches the penis to the rest of the pelvis, contains the bulb of the penis

112
Q

what do the ligaments of the root of the penis do?

A

suspend the penis and support its weight

113
Q

what is an erection?

A

enlargement and stiffening of the penis, usually during sexual arousal

114
Q

what is the stimulus for erections?

A
  • mechanical stimulation of the penis
  • erotic thoughts, sights, smells, sounds
115
Q

what division of the ANS is responsible for erections?

A

parasympathetic system

116
Q

what is the control centre for erections?

A

sacral spinal cord

117
Q

what are the effectors for erections?

A

parasympathetic motor neurons from the sacral spinal cord release nitric oxide to blood vessels in erectile tissues, stimulating vasodilation and increasing perfusion to penis

  • also relaxes smooth muscles, widening sinuses
118
Q

how are erections maintained?

A

increased perfusion in erectile tissues compresses veins, slowing blood draining from penis

119
Q

why does the internal urethral sphincter close during ejaculation?

A

to prevent urine from mixing with semen and prevents semen from entering urinary bladder

120
Q

how do components of semen move into spongy urethra prior to ejaculation?

A

through peristaltic contractions in ducts

121
Q

what is emission?

A

Propulsion of sperm into the urethra due to peristaltic contractions of the ducts of the testes, epididymides, and ductus deferens as a result of sympathetic stimulation

122
Q

where is the control centre for ejaculation?

A

in the lumbar spinal cord

123
Q

what division of the ANS is responsible for ejaculation?

A

sympathetic nervous system

124
Q

what are the effectors for ejaculation?

A

contraction of the ducts and urethra and muscles of the penis

  • contraction of the internal urethral sphincter
125
Q

what is ejaculation?

A

lumbar, sympathetic reflex; powerful expulsion of semen

126
Q

what happens when sexual stimulation has ended in males?

A

less nitric oxide is released by parasympathetic motor neurons, arterioles constrict, pressure on veins is relieved, and penis drains of blood and becomes flaccid

127
Q

what is gynecology?

A

the medical study of the female genital system

128
Q

what hormones do the ovaries produce?

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • inhibin
  • relaxin
129
Q

what anchors the ovaries to the uterus?

A

ovarian ligaments

130
Q

what holds the ovaries in place in the pelvic cavity?

A

the broad ligament

131
Q

what is the broad ligament?

A

fold of the peritoneum that holds the uterus and ovaries in place in the pelvic cavity

132
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

production of mature ova in the ovaries

133
Q

when does oogenesis occur in a female’s lifespan?

A

before birth

134
Q

what is atresia?

A

degeneration and reabsorption of an ovarian follicle before it fully matures and ruptures

135
Q

what is the ovarian mesothelium?

A

serous membrane that wraps the ovaries, supported by dense irregular CT

136
Q

what is the ovarian cortex?

A

outer layer of the ovaries containing the ovarian follicles

137
Q

what is the ovarian medulla?

A

centre of the ovary consisting of CT

138
Q

what do the ovarian follicles contain?

A

oocytes

139
Q

what are follicular cells?

A

singular layer of cells that surround oocytes to form a follicle

  • divides and differentiates into granulosa cells
  • nourishes the developing ova
140
Q

what are granulosa cells?

A

multiple layers of cells that surround oocytes to form a follicle

  • nourishes the developing ova
141
Q

at what time of a female’s life do surviving oogonia turn into primary oocytes?

A

during fetal development, where the oogonia start meiosis I but is arrested at prophase I before puberty

142
Q

what kinds of follicles can be found in a female before puberty?

A

primordial follicles, which contain primary oocytes

  • no primary or secondary follicles before puberty
143
Q

what happens to follicles when a female reaches puberty?

A

once per month, FSH and LH stimulates follicles several follicles to mature

144
Q

what are primary follicles?

A

what primordial follicles grow into after being stimulated by LH and FSH

145
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A

a layer of glycoprotein that a primary ovarian follicle will start to accumulate

146
Q

what are theca folliculi?

A

layer of cells found in the follicular cortex

147
Q

what happens to the theca folliculi when a primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle?

A

differentiates into 2 layers: theca interna and theca externa

148
Q

what is the theca interna?

A

cuboidal cells of a secondary follicle that secrete androgens

149
Q

what is the theca externa?

A

stromal CT layer of a secondary follicle

150
Q

what happens to the oocyte when a secondary follicle becomes a tertiary follicle?

A

the primary oocyte completes meiosis I, forming a first polar body and a secondary oocyte

151
Q

what happens to the oocyte during ovulation?

A

secondary oocyte erupts from the follicle

152
Q

when does the oocyte complete meiosis II?

A

at fertilization, producing a second polar body and an ovum

153
Q

within which ligament are the uterine tubes found?

A

the broad ligament

154
Q

what do the uterine tubes do?

A

provide path for oocytes and fertilized ova to reach uterus

155
Q

what are the fimbriae of the uterine tubes?

A

finger-like processes of the uterine tubes that attach to ovaries

156
Q

what is the infundibulum of the uterine tubes?

A

distal arc where fimbriae of the uterine tubes attach to

157
Q

what is the ampulla of the uterine tubes?

A

long, wide portion of the uterine tubes where fertilization usually occurs

158
Q

what is the isthmus of the uterine tubes?

A

thin, short attachment of the uterine tubes to the uterus

159
Q

why is the mucosa of the uterine tubes ciliated?

A

ovum are not motile unlike sperm, so the mucosa acts as conveyor belt

160
Q

what are peg cells?

A

nonciliated microvillous simple columnar epithelium found in mucosa of the uterine tubes, microvilli secrete nutrients

161
Q

what is the muscular layer of the uterine tubes?

A

thick inner circular layer
thin outer longitudinal layer

162
Q

what does the muscular layer of the uterine tubes do?

A

perform peristalsis to move ova

163
Q

what happens in the uterine tubes during ovulation?

A
  • fimbriae sweep 2° oocytes into uterine tubes
  • fertilization usually occurs within ampulla
164
Q

what is fertilization?

A

sperm (n) + ovum (n) = zygote (2n)

165
Q

why is the uterus smaller in nonpregnant and menopausal females?

A

lower hormone levels (estrogens + progesterone)

166
Q

what is the internal os?

A

opening btwn cervix and uterus

167
Q

what is the external os?

A

opening btwn cervix and vagina

168
Q

what are round ligaments?

A

bands of dense irregular CT btwn broad ligaments that connect uterus to external genitalia

169
Q

what is the perimetrium?

A

serous membrane of the uterus (visceral peritoneum)

170
Q

what is the myometrium?

A

three layers of muscle

  • thick intermediate circular layer
  • thin outer and inner longitudinal layers
171
Q

what are the layers of the endometrium?

A
  • compact layer
  • functional layer
  • basal layer
172
Q

what is the compact layer?

A

ciliated + nonciliated epithelium w/ thick underlying areolar CT containing parts of uterine glands

173
Q

what is the functional layer?

A

thick layer of areolar CT containing most of the uterine glands

174
Q

what is the basal layer?

A

thick layer of areolar CT contain parts of the uterine glands AND stem cells that replenish overlying layers

175
Q

what happens to the endometrial layers during menstruation?

A

the compact and functional layers are sloughed off

176
Q

describe the blood supply of the uterus

A

iliac arteries → uterine arteries → arcuate arteries → radiate arteries → straight/spiral arteries

177
Q

what are straight arterioles?

A

branch of radiate arteries that service the basal layer of the endometrium

178
Q

what are spiral arterioles?

A

branch of radiate arteries that service the functional layer of the endometrium, blood flow varies during menstruation

179
Q

what is the epithelium of the vagina?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

180
Q

why does the vagina contain a lot of glycogen?

A

glycogen decomposes into organic acids that lower pH

181
Q

what is the function of the vagina’s rugae?

A

permits vagina to change in size

182
Q

what is the function of the vagina?

A
  • receives penis during coitus
  • passageway for fetus to be delivered during labour
183
Q

what is the muscular layer of the

A

inner circular layer
outer longitudinal layer

184
Q

what is the function of the muscular layer of the vagina?

A

stretches during intercourse and childbirth

185
Q

what is the adventitia of the vagina?

A

areolar CT, anchors vagina to other pelvic organs

186
Q

what is the vulva?

A

all the external female genitalia

  • mons pubis
  • labia major + minora
  • vestibule
187
Q

what is the mons pubis?

A

mound of adipose tissue, pubic hair, and skin that pads pubic symphysis

188
Q

what is the labia majora?

A

fatty skin folds homologous to scrotum, contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands and hair

189
Q

what is the labia minora?

A

smaller skin folds medial to labia majora, have less fat and sudoriferous glands

  • contains sebaceous glands
190
Q

what is the function of the labia minora’s sebaceous glands?

A

secretes antimicrobial substances and some lubrication during intercourse

(homologous to spongy urethra)

191
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

structure located at anterior union of labia minora made of erectile tissue and contains nerves + blood vessels

  • may be covered by prepuce of clitoris
192
Q

does the clitoris become erect?

A

yes, erectile tissue of clitoris engorges with blood and increases in size during sexual arousal

193
Q

what structures are found in the vestibule?

A
  • external urethral orifice
  • hymen
  • vaginal orifice
194
Q

what are the paraurethral glands?

A

laterally borders the external urethral orifice, secretes mucus

(homologous to prostate)

195
Q

what is the hymen?

A

thin membrane that may or may not cover the vaginal orifice

196
Q

what are the greater vestibular glands?

A

laterally borders the vaginal orifice, secretes mucus

197
Q

what is the major contribution to lubricating the female’s genital canal during sexual arousal?

A

higher perfusion to areas → greater fluid filtered from capillaries

  • cervical mucus and glandular secretions only play minor role in lubrication
198
Q

what is the bulb of the vestibule?

A

columns of erectile tissue within the walls of the labia that engorge with blood during sexual arousal and produce pressure on penis during coitus

(homologous to corpus spongiosum penis and bulb of the penis)

199
Q

what is the perineum?

A

area between the vulva and the anus in females

200
Q

what are mammary glands?

A

modified sudoriferous glands in breasts that secrete milk

  • suspended by ligaments that slacken with age/impact
201
Q

what are lactiferous ducts?

A

openings found in nipples formed from the merging of mammary ducts that permit milk to flow from mammary glands

202
Q

what are areolae?

A

areas found around the nipples that contain sebaceous glands

203
Q

what secretes breast milk?

A

glandular alveoli found in the mammary glands

204
Q

what are myoepithelial cells?

A

contractile epithelial cells that surround glandular alveoli, permits milk to flow into mammary ducts

205
Q

describe passage of milk out of breasts

A

glandular alveoli → mammary ducts → lactiferous sinuses → lactiferous ducts

206
Q

what hormone stimulates milk production?

A

prolactin

207
Q

what hormone stimulates milk ejection?

A

oxytocin

208
Q

what is the stimulus for the let-down reflex?

A

baby suckling on breasts

209
Q

what are the control centres for the let-down reflex?

A
  • excites posterior pituitary, stimulates oxytocin secretion
  • inhibits the inhibited prolactin cells of the anterior pituitary, stimulates prolactin secretion
210
Q

what are the effectors for the let-down reflex?

A
  • increased oxytocin secretion → mammary gland contraction
  • increased prolactin secretion → increased milk production
211
Q

what is the female reproductive cycle?

A

cycle encompassing events that occur monthly from puberty to menopause

  • includes ovarian and uterine cycles, and hormones from ant. pit.
212
Q

what does GnRH do?

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates gonadotrophic cells in ant. pit. to secrete FSH and LH

213
Q

what does LH do to theca cells?

A

stimulates them to secrete androgens

214
Q

what does FSH do to granulosa cells?

A

stimulates them to uptake androgens from theca cells to convert them into estrogen

215
Q

what does LH do in the middle of the female reproductive cycle?

A
  • promotes ovulation
  • stimulates formation of corpus luteum by degeneration of leftover follicular tissue
216
Q

what hormones do the corpus luteum make?

A
  • estrogens
  • progesterone
  • inhibin
  • relaxin
217
Q

what do estrogens do?

A
  • Support development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics
  • Promote anabolism, especially bone growth > works synergistically with
    GH
  • Lowers blood cholesterol
  • Exert negative feedback on GnRH synthesis
218
Q

what are some secondary female sexual characteristics?

A
  • fat accumulation in breasts, abdomen, mons pubis, hips
  • widening of pelvis
  • pubic and body hair growth
219
Q

what does inhibin do?

A

inhibits FSH secretion

220
Q

what does relaxin do?

A

relaxes pubic symphysis

221
Q

what are the four phases of the female cycle?

A
  • menstrual (d. 1-5)
  • preovulatory (d. 6-13)
  • ovulatory (d.14)
  • postovulatory (d.15-28)
222
Q

what occurs in the ovaries during the menstrual phase?

A
  • FSH promotes primary ovarian follicles to grow into secondary ovarian follicles
  • one follicle becomes dominant
223
Q

what occurs in the uterus during the menstrual phase?

A

low levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulate prostaglandin secretion that constrict spiral arterioles

  • endometrial tissues die, no perfusion
  • compact and functional layers sloughed off and exit out the vagina
224
Q

what occurs in the ovaries during the preovulatory phase?

A
  • secondary follicles secrete estrogens + inhibin, becoming a tertiary follicle
  • higher estrogen levels inhibit FSH secretion, causing other follicles to degenerate
225
Q

what occurs in the uterus during the preovulatory phase?

A

estrogens made by the dominant follicle stimulate stem cells in basal layer of the endometrium to undergo mitosis

  • functional + compact layers replenished, including glands and spiral arterioles
  • endometrium thickness is doubled
226
Q

what occurs in the ovaries during ovulation?

A
  • really high estrogen levels promote more GnRH release from hypothalamus → more FSH and LH (moderate lvls inhibit GnRH secretion)
  • LH promotes oocyte rupture, oocyte remains surrounded by zona pellicuda
227
Q

what occurs in the uterus during ovulation?

A

estrogens continue to promote endometrial thickening to prepare for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum

228
Q

what occurs in the ovary during the postovulatory phase?

A
  • tertiary follicle collapses (basement membrane btwn granulosa and theca cells decompose)
  • corpus hemorrhagicum forms after follicular rupture
  • LH promotes mixing of theca + granulosa cells → corpus luteum
  • CL disappears after ~1wk w/o hCG
229
Q

what occurs in the uterus during the postovulatory phase?

A
  • estrogens and progesterone (secreted by CL) promote thickening, vascularization, and secretion of glycogen in endometrium
  • if no fertilization, CL collapses and hormone lvls drop, initiating new menstrual phase
230
Q

what is the chorion?

A

an extraembryonic layer formed by a zygote that secretes human chorionic gonadotropin ~ 8 days after fertilization

231
Q

why does hCG prevent degeneration of the corpus luteum?

A

corpus luteum’s secretory activity is maintained, progesterone is maintained

  • don’t want to menstruate embryo out
232
Q

why is the condom effective?

A

only method that prevents both pregnancy and transmission of sexually transmitted infections

233
Q

how do hormonal methods work?

A

synthetic estrogens or progestins that exert negative feedback on the gonadotrophic cells, decreasing FSH and LH secretion

234
Q

how do progestin-only contraceptives work?

A

they thicken cervical mucus, blocking sperm from entering uterus

235
Q

what is abortion?

A

the premature removal or expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus

236
Q

what are the two types of abortion?

A
  • hormonal/medical abortions
  • surgical abortions
237
Q

when are hormonal/medical abortions given?

A

mifepristone approved for administration to pregnant individuals at <9wks

238
Q

what do hormonal/medical abortions do?

A

blocks progesterone receptors on endometrial lining, permitting menstruation to proceed after implantation

239
Q

when are vacuum aspiration abortions given?

A

vacuum aspiration uses a vacuum device to remove layers of the endometrium up to the 16th week

240
Q

when are dilation and evacuation abortions given?

A

cervix must be dilated in pregnant individuals btwn 13-16 weeks

241
Q

when are other surgical abortions given?

A

btwn 16-24 weeks, other methods may be used if it is an emergency

242
Q

who may require abortions?

A
  • women/couples who are unintentionally pregnant
  • women whose lives are endangered by pregnancy (ectopic pregnancy)
  • victims of sexual assault and other sexual crimes
  • women/couples who choose to terminate due to results of fetal genetic testing (fetus may not survive)
243
Q

Twenty-three-year-old Monica and her husband Bill are ready to start a family. They are both avid bicyclists and weight-lifters who carefully watch what they eat and pride themselves on their “buff” bodies. However, Monica is having difficulty becoming pregnant. Monica hasn’t had a menstrual period for some time but informs the doctor that is normal for her. After consulting with her physician, the doctor tells Monica that she needs to cut back on her exercise routine and “put on some weight” in order to get pregnant. Monica is outraged because she figures she will gain enough weight when she is pregnant! Explain to Monica what has happened to her and why weight gain could help her achieve her goal of pregnancy.

A

Monica’s excessive training has resulted in an abnormally low amount of body fat. A certain amount of body fat is needed in order to produce the hormones required for the ovarian cycle. Several hormones are involved. Her amenorrhea is due to a lack of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which in turn reduces the release of LH and FSH. Her follicles with their enclosed ova fail to develop and ovulation will not occur. In addition, synthesis of estrogens and progesterone declines from the lack of hormonal feedback. Usually a gain of weight will allow normal hormonal feedback mechanisms to return.

244
Q

The term “progesterone” means “for gestation (or pregnancy).” Describe how progesterone helps prepare the female body for pregnancy and helps maintain pregnancy.

A

Along with estrogens, progesterone helps to prepare the endometrium for possible implantation of a zygote by promoting growth of the endometrium. The endometrial glands secrete glycogen, which will help sustain an embryo if one should implant. If implantation occurs, progesterone helps maintain the endometrium for the developing fetus. In addition, it helps prepare mammary glands to secrete milk. It inhibits the release of GnRH and LH, which stops a new ovarian cycle from occurring.

245
Q

After having borne five children, Mark’s wife, Isabella, insists that he have a vasectomy. Mark is afraid that he will “dry up” and won’t be able to perform sexually. How can you reassure him that his reproductive organs will function fine?

A

The ductus deferens is cut and tied in a vasectomy. This stops the release of sperm into the ejaculatory duct and urethra. Mark will still produce the secretions from his accessory male genital glands (prostate, seminal glands, bulbourethral glands) in his ejaculate. In addition, a vasectomy does not affect sexual performance; he will be able to achieve erection and ejaculation, as those events are nervous system responses.

A-BIOL 1191 LECTURE (12 decks)

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