Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A-BIOL 1191 LECTURE > CH 15 > Flashcards

CH 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the ANS regulate the activity of?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what can the ANS receive signals from?

A
  • somatic senses
  • special senses
  • visceral organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the components of ANS reflex arcs?

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integrating center (brainstem and hypothalamus only)
  4. motor neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic motor neurons)
  5. visceral effectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the most abundant type of receptors in the ANS based on location?

A

interoceptors

ex. chemoreceptors, basoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the difference in sensory input between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: from somatic and special senses

autonomic: mostly from interoceptors, some somatic and special senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the difference in control of motor output between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: voluntary control from cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord

autonomic: involuntary control from hypothalamus, brainstem, limbic system, spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the difference in motor neuron pathway between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: one-neuron pathway, synapses directly w/ effector

autonomic: two-neuron pathway, preganglionic synapses w/ postganglionic at a ganglion, postganglionic synapses w/ visceral effector/suprarenal medullae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the difference in neurotransmitters and hormones between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: all somatic motor neurons release only ACh

autonomic: motor neurons can release ACh and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the difference in effectors between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: skeletal muscle

autonomic: cardiac and smooth muscle, glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the difference in responses of the effectors between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: contraction

autonomic: contraction/relaxation, change in secretion amount of glands, change in rate and force of contraction of cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the subdivisions of the ANS?

A
  • sympathetic NS
  • parasympathetic NS
  • enteric plexuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

regulates “fight-or-flight” response, prepares body for emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

regulates “rest-and-digest” response, facilitates energy storage and conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is dual innervation in the ANS?

A

one effector is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the ANS, allowing for it to receive signals from either subdivision as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the enteric plexuses?

A

network of neurons that regulate the organs of the digestive canal autonomously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sensory info from interoceptors or somatic/special senses are processed mostly by the what?

A

the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is autonomic tone?

A

the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what regulates autonomic tone of the ANS?

A

the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why are autonomic responses subconscious?

A

control centres are in LOWER brain regions, not in cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what colour are preganglionic motor neurons?

A

white, they are myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what colour are postganglionic motor neurons?

A

grey, they are unmyelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the thoracolumbar division?

A

cell bodies that lie in lateral grey horn of SC in segments T1-L2

part of sympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is thoracolumbar outflow?

A

axons of motor neurons from the thoracolumbar division

part of sympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the craniosacral division?

A

cell bodies that lie in:

  • nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X in brainstem
  • lateral grey horn of SC’s S2-S4
  • part of parasympathetic division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is craniosacral outflow?
axons of motor neurons originating from the craniosacral division
26
what are autonomic ganglia?
ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic motor neurons synapse
27
what are the two types of sympathetic ganglia?
1. sympathetic trunk 2. prevertebral ganglia
28
what are sympathetic trunk ganglia?
ganglia lying on either side of vertebral column from base of skull all the way to coccyx
29
what are prevertebral ganglia?
ganglia associated w/ abdomen, found anterior to vertebral column and is close to large abdominal arteries - innervates organs inferior to diaphragm
30
the axons of which postanglionic neurons are longer? sympathetic motor neurons / parasympathetic motor neurons
sympathetic postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division are very short as parasympathetic ganglia lie close/within visceral effectors
31
what are the 4 paths of sympathetic preganglionic motor neurons?
1. synapses w/ sympathetic trunk at same lvl 2. synapses w/ sympathetic trunk above/below 3 passes through sympathetic trunk, forms synapse at prevertebral ganglion 4. passes through both sympathetic trunk and prevertebral ganglion, synapses w/ chromaffin cells
32
what are chromaffin cells?
modified neurons found in suprarenal medullae that secrete NE and E into bloodstream
33
why do sympathetic responses affect many tissues and organs simultaneously?
sympathetic preganglionic neurons have >20 axon collaterals that each synapse w/ postganglionic neuron each postganglionic neuron forms synapse w/ several more effectors
34
why do parasympathetic responses tend to be localized?
each preganglionic neuron synapses with only few (4-5) postganglionic neurons each postganglionic neuron synapses w/ a **single** visceral effector parasympathetic ganglia are nearby/within effectors
35
where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit SC through?
through intervertebral foramina at T1-L2
36
what are communicating rami?
myelinated axons between anterior root of spinal nerves and sympathetic trunk ganglia
37
what are grey communicating rami?
unmyelinated axons between sympathetic trunk ganglia and anterior rami of spinal nerves
38
why are there more grey communicating rami than white communicating rami?
there are rami for each of the paired 31 spinal nerves (62 total) - there are 28 white communicating rami
39
what do the cervical ganglia (part of symp. trunk) innervate?
- heart and head -- sweat, lacrimal, nasal, salivary glands -- pupil and lens -- facial vasculature
40
what do the thoracic ganglia (part of symp. trunk) innervate?
- heart, lungs, skin -- glands, blood vessels, arrector muscles of hair
41
what do the **hypogastric plexuses** (part of symp. trunk) innervate?
pelvic visceral effectors
42
In sympathetic NS, preganglionic axons are _____; postganglionic axons are _____.
short; long
43
In parasympathetic NS, preganglionic axons are _____; postganglionic axons are _____.
long; short
44
ganglia are closer to CNS that effectors in which division of the ANS?
sympathetic NS
45
ganglia are closer to effectors than CNS in which division of the ANS?
parasympathetic NS
46
what are splanchnic nerves?
nerves formed by preganglionic axons that pass through sympathetic trunk and insteads extends to and synapses in prevertebral ganglia
47
what does the celiac ganglion (part of prevertebral ganglia) innervate?
- stomach - spleen - liver - kidney - small intestine
48
what does the superior mesenteric ganglion (part of prevertebral ganglia) innervate?
small intestine and colon
49
what does the renal ganglion (part of prevertebral ganglia) innervate?
kidneys and ureter
50
what does the inferior mesenteric ganglion (part of prevertebral ganglia) innervate?
- colon - rectum - bladder - genitals
51
why do the splanchnic nerves innervate the suprarenal medullae?
to synapse w/ chromaffin cells, which secrete NE and E into bloodstream
52
what are the four ways postganglionic neurons exit the sympathetic trunk ganglia?
1. via spinal nerves (grey communicating rami) 2. cephalic periarterial nerves 3. form sympathetic nerves 4. form splanchnic nerves
53
what are cephalic periarterial nerves?
nerves of sympathetic postganglionic neurons that wrap around arteries and extend to head, innervating visceral effectors in the skin of face and head
54
what do sympathetic nerves from postganglionic neurons do?
they innervate visceral effectors in the thoracic cavity
55
what does the cardiac plexus (from symp. trunk) innervate?
heart
56
what does the pulmonary plexus (from symp. trunk) innervate?
bronchi and bronchioles of lungs
57
what makes up the cardiac plexus?
superior, inferior, and middle cervical ganglia
58
what makes up the pulmonary plexus?
T2 to T4 ganglia
59
what do splanchnic nerves that come from symp. trunk innervate?
- blood vessels in abdominopelvic organs - chromaffin cells in suprarenal medullae
60
parasympathetic preganglionic axons emerge as part of what?
- as part of cranial nerve - part of anterior root of sacral spinal nerve → pelvic splanchnic nerve
61
what are terminal ganglia?
ganglia located nearby/within visceral effector of parasympathetic division - where all preganglionic neurons synapse w/ postganglionic neurons
62
what carries about 80% of craniosacral outflow?
preganglionic axons that leave from vagus nerve (CN X) - supplies heart, airways of lungs, and abdominal area
63
what is the sacral parasympathetic outflow?
preganglionic axons from the anterior roots of S2 and S4
64
what do pelvic splanchnic nerves from parasympathetic division innervate?
smooth muscles and glands in walls of colon, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, uterus
65
what does the ciliary ganglia ( from cranial parasymp. outflow) innervate?
- muscles of eyes - CN III
66
what are the four ganglia that come from the cranial parasympathetic outflow?
1. ciliary ganglia 2. pterygopalatine ganglia 3. submandibular ganglia 4. otic ganglia
67
what does the pterygopalatine ganglia ( from cranial parasymp. outflow) innervate?
- nasal mucosa - palate - pharynx - lacrimal glands - CN VII
68
what does the submandibular ganglia ( from cranial parasymp. outflow) innervate?
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands - CN VII
69
what does the otic ganglia ( from cranial parasymp. outflow) innervate?
- parotid salivary gland - CN IX

A-BIOL 1191 LECTURE (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions