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A-BIOL 1191 LECTURE > CH 15 > Flashcards

CH 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the ANS regulate the activity of?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
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2
Q

what can the ANS receive signals from?

A
  • somatic senses
  • special senses
  • visceral organs
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3
Q

what are the components of ANS reflex arcs?

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integrating center (brainstem and hypothalamus only)
  4. motor neurons (preganglionic and postganglionic motor neurons)
  5. visceral effectors
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4
Q

what are the most abundant type of receptors in the ANS based on location?

A

interoceptors

ex. chemoreceptors, basoreceptors

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5
Q

what is the difference in sensory input between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: from somatic and special senses

autonomic: mostly from interoceptors, some somatic and special senses

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6
Q

what is the difference in control of motor output between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: voluntary control from cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord

autonomic: involuntary control from hypothalamus, brainstem, limbic system, spinal cord

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7
Q

what is the difference in motor neuron pathway between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: one-neuron pathway, synapses directly w/ effector

autonomic: two-neuron pathway, preganglionic synapses w/ postganglionic at a ganglion, postganglionic synapses w/ visceral effector/suprarenal medullae

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8
Q

what is the difference in neurotransmitters and hormones between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: all somatic motor neurons release only ACh

autonomic: motor neurons can release ACh and norepinephrine

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9
Q

what is the difference in effectors between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: skeletal muscle

autonomic: cardiac and smooth muscle, glands

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10
Q

what is the difference in responses of the effectors between somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic: contraction

autonomic: contraction/relaxation, change in secretion amount of glands, change in rate and force of contraction of cardiac muscle

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11
Q

what are the subdivisions of the ANS?

A
  • sympathetic NS
  • parasympathetic NS
  • enteric plexuses
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12
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

regulates “fight-or-flight” response, prepares body for emergency

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13
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

regulates “rest-and-digest” response, facilitates energy storage and conservation

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14
Q

what is dual innervation in the ANS?

A

one effector is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the ANS, allowing for it to receive signals from either subdivision as needed

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15
Q

what are the enteric plexuses?

A

network of neurons that regulate the organs of the digestive canal autonomously

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16
Q

sensory info from interoceptors or somatic/special senses are processed mostly by the what?

A

the hypothalamus

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17
Q

what is autonomic tone?

A

the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity levels

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18
Q

what regulates autonomic tone of the ANS?

A

the hypothalamus

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19
Q

why are autonomic responses subconscious?

A

control centres are in LOWER brain regions, not in cerebral cortex

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20
Q

what colour are preganglionic motor neurons?

A

white, they are myelinated

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21
Q

what colour are postganglionic motor neurons?

A

grey, they are unmyelinated

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22
Q

what is the thoracolumbar division?

A

cell bodies that lie in lateral grey horn of SC in segments T1-L2

part of sympathetic division

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23
Q

what is thoracolumbar outflow?

A

axons of motor neurons from the thoracolumbar division

part of sympathetic division

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24
Q

what is the craniosacral division?

A

cell bodies that lie in:

  • nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X in brainstem
  • lateral grey horn of SC’s S2-S4
  • part of parasympathetic division
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25
Q

what is craniosacral outflow?

A

axons of motor neurons originating from the craniosacral division

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26
Q

what are autonomic ganglia?

A

ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic motor neurons synapse

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27
Q

what are the two types of sympathetic ganglia?

A
  1. sympathetic trunk
  2. prevertebral ganglia
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28
Q

what are sympathetic trunk ganglia?

A

ganglia lying on either side of vertebral column from base of skull all the way to coccyx

29
Q

what are prevertebral ganglia?

A

ganglia associated w/ abdomen, found anterior to vertebral column and is close to large abdominal arteries

  • innervates organs inferior to diaphragm
30
Q

the axons of which postanglionic neurons are longer?

sympathetic motor neurons / parasympathetic motor neurons

A

sympathetic

postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division are very short as parasympathetic ganglia lie close/within visceral effectors

31
Q

what are the 4 paths of sympathetic preganglionic motor neurons?

A
  1. synapses w/ sympathetic trunk at same lvl
  2. synapses w/ sympathetic trunk above/below

3 passes through sympathetic trunk, forms synapse at prevertebral ganglion

  1. passes through both sympathetic trunk and prevertebral ganglion, synapses w/ chromaffin cells
32
Q

what are chromaffin cells?

A

modified neurons found in suprarenal medullae that secrete NE and E into bloodstream

33
Q

why do sympathetic responses affect many tissues and organs simultaneously?

A

sympathetic preganglionic neurons have >20 axon collaterals that each synapse w/ postganglionic neuron

each postganglionic neuron forms synapse w/ several more effectors

34
Q

why do parasympathetic responses tend to be localized?

A

each preganglionic neuron synapses with only few (4-5) postganglionic neurons

each postganglionic neuron synapses w/ a single visceral effector

parasympathetic ganglia are nearby/within effectors

35
Q

where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit SC through?

A

through intervertebral foramina at T1-L2

36
Q

what are communicating rami?

A

myelinated axons between anterior root of spinal nerves and sympathetic trunk ganglia

37
Q

what are grey communicating rami?

A

unmyelinated axons between sympathetic trunk ganglia and anterior rami of spinal nerves

38
Q

why are there more grey communicating rami than white communicating rami?

A

there are rami for each of the paired 31 spinal nerves (62 total)

  • there are 28 white communicating rami
39
Q

what do the cervical ganglia (part of symp. trunk) innervate?

A
  • heart and head
    – sweat, lacrimal, nasal, salivary glands
    – pupil and lens
    – facial vasculature
40
Q

what do the thoracic ganglia (part of symp. trunk) innervate?

A
  • heart, lungs, skin
    – glands, blood vessels, arrector muscles of hair
41
Q

what do the hypogastric plexuses (part of symp. trunk) innervate?

A

pelvic visceral effectors

42
Q

In sympathetic NS,

preganglionic axons are _____;
postganglionic axons are _____.

A

short; long

43
Q

In parasympathetic NS,

preganglionic axons are _____;
postganglionic axons are _____.

A

long; short

44
Q

ganglia are closer to CNS that effectors in which division of the ANS?

A

sympathetic NS

45
Q

ganglia are closer to effectors than CNS in which division of the ANS?

A

parasympathetic NS

46
Q

what are splanchnic nerves?

A

nerves formed by preganglionic axons that pass through sympathetic trunk and insteads extends to and synapses in prevertebral ganglia

47
Q

what does the celiac ganglion (part of prevertebral ganglia) innervate?

A
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • liver
  • kidney
  • small intestine
48
Q

what does the superior mesenteric ganglion (part of prevertebral ganglia) innervate?

A

small intestine and colon

49
Q

what does the renal ganglion (part of prevertebral ganglia) innervate?

A

kidneys and ureter

50
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric ganglion (part of prevertebral ganglia) innervate?

A
  • colon
  • rectum
  • bladder
  • genitals
51
Q

why do the splanchnic nerves innervate the suprarenal medullae?

A

to synapse w/ chromaffin cells, which secrete NE and E into bloodstream

52
Q

what are the four ways postganglionic neurons exit the sympathetic trunk ganglia?

A
  1. via spinal nerves (grey communicating rami)
  2. cephalic periarterial nerves
  3. form sympathetic nerves
  4. form splanchnic nerves
53
Q

what are cephalic periarterial nerves?

A

nerves of sympathetic postganglionic neurons that wrap around arteries and extend to head, innervating visceral effectors in the skin of face and head

54
Q

what do sympathetic nerves from postganglionic neurons do?

A

they innervate visceral effectors in the thoracic cavity

55
Q

what does the cardiac plexus (from symp. trunk) innervate?

A

heart

56
Q

what does the pulmonary plexus (from symp. trunk) innervate?

A

bronchi and bronchioles of lungs

57
Q

what makes up the cardiac plexus?

A

superior, inferior, and middle cervical ganglia

58
Q

what makes up the pulmonary plexus?

A

T2 to T4 ganglia

59
Q

what do splanchnic nerves that come from symp. trunk innervate?

A
  • blood vessels in abdominopelvic organs
  • chromaffin cells in suprarenal medullae
60
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic axons emerge as part of what?

A
  • as part of cranial nerve
  • part of anterior root of sacral spinal nerve → pelvic splanchnic nerve
61
Q

what are terminal ganglia?

A

ganglia located nearby/within visceral effector of parasympathetic division

  • where all preganglionic neurons synapse w/ postganglionic neurons
62
Q

what carries about 80% of craniosacral outflow?

A

preganglionic axons that leave from vagus nerve (CN X)

  • supplies heart, airways of lungs, and abdominal area
63
Q

what is the sacral parasympathetic outflow?

A

preganglionic axons from the anterior roots of S2 and S4

64
Q

what do pelvic splanchnic nerves from parasympathetic division innervate?

A

smooth muscles and glands in walls of colon, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, uterus

65
Q

what does the ciliary ganglia ( from cranial parasymp. outflow) innervate?

A
  • muscles of eyes
  • CN III
66
Q

what are the four ganglia that come from the cranial parasympathetic outflow?

A
  1. ciliary ganglia
  2. pterygopalatine ganglia
  3. submandibular ganglia
  4. otic ganglia
67
Q

what does the pterygopalatine ganglia ( from cranial parasymp. outflow) innervate?

A
  • nasal mucosa
  • palate
  • pharynx
  • lacrimal glands
  • CN VII
68
Q

what does the submandibular ganglia ( from cranial parasymp. outflow) innervate?

A

submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

  • CN VII
69
Q

what does the otic ganglia ( from cranial parasymp. outflow) innervate?

A
  • parotid salivary gland
  • CN IX

A-BIOL 1191 LECTURE (12 decks)

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