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A-BIOL 1191 LECTURE > CH 26 > Flashcards

CH 26 Flashcards

1
Q

what are general functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. removes wastes from blood
  2. regulates composition, pH, volume, osmolarity, pressure of blood
  3. produces hormones
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2
Q

what is blood osmolarity?

A

total concentration of dissolved solutes present in blood

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3
Q

what are wastes that the kidneys can excrete?

A

nitrogenous wastes:
- urea
- uric acid
- creatinine
- urobilin
- ammonia

  • drugs
  • toxins
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4
Q

which ions can the kidneys control the amount present in blood?

A
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • Ca2+
  • HPO4 2-
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5
Q

how do the kidneys regulate blood pH?

A
  • control H+ excreted into urine
  • conserve HCO3 -
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6
Q

what are some hormones the kidneys can produce

A
  • calcitriol
  • erythropoietin
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7
Q

how do the kidneys regulate blood glucose levels?

A

through gluconeogenesis:
kidneys convert glutamine into glucose

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8
Q

why is right kidney more inferior than left kidney?

A

liver displaces it

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9
Q

what is the hilum of the kidney?

A

notch containing attachment to ureters, and blood, lymphatic, and nerve supply

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10
Q

what are the three layers of the kidneys? from deep to superficial

A
  1. fibrous capsule
  2. perirenal fat capsule
  3. renal fascia
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11
Q

what is fibrous capsule?

A

collagen-rich sheet
- maintains kidney shape
- protects kidneys from mechanical injury

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12
Q

what is perirenal fat capsule?

A

fatty tissues
- protect kidney from trauma
- anchors kidney within retroperitoneal cavity

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13
Q

what is renal fascia?

A

collagen + elastin rich CT
- anchors kidneys to surrounding organs and abdominal wall

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14
Q

what is the parenchyma?

A

functional portion of kidneys, consisting of renal cortex + pyramids
- contains nephrons

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15
Q

what is urine inside collecting ducts and papillary ducts called?

A

filtrate; further reabsorption can still occur

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16
Q

what is fluid inside the major and minor calices called?

A

urine; no further reabsorption occurs

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17
Q

describe pathway of urine through kidneys to ureters

A

Collecting ducts → Papillary Ducts → Minor calices → Major calices → Renal pelvis → Ureter

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18
Q

what is the renal sinus?

A

depression in the side of the kidney
- where hilum of kidney is nestled into

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19
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

total amount of blood pumping out of ventricles per unit time (L/min)

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20
Q

Describe arterial blood pathway in kidney

A

Renal artery → Segmental artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate artery → Cortical Radiate artery → afferent glomerular arteriole → glomerulus → efferent glomerular arteriole → peritubular capillaries

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21
Q

Describe venous blood pathway in kidney

A

peritubular capillaries → cortical radiate vein → arcuate vein → interlobar vein → renal vein

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22
Q

what is a kidney lobe?

A

a renal pyramid
- associated renal column on either side
- associated renal cortex

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23
Q

how are glomerular capillaries different from other capillaries?

A

they lie between two sets of arterioles, no venule

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24
Q

which division of the ANS innervates the kidneys?

A

the sympathetic division

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25
Q

Describe innervation of kidneys:

A

lateral grey horn of SC → lumbar splanchnic nerve → renal ganglion → renal plexus

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26
Q

what do vasomotor nerves that innervate kidneys do?

A

constrict the arteriole smooth muscle

27
Q

what is the renal corpuscle?

A

filters blood plasma

28
Q

what is the glomerular capsule

A

double-walled epithelial sheath around glomerulus that keeps filtrate inside nephron and sends it to the PCT

29
Q

what is glomerulus

A

capillary network where blood is filtered

30
Q

what is the renal tubule

A

where fluid filtered through glomerulus flows into and may be reabsorbed back into the body

31
Q

what are cortical nephrons?

A

short nephron loops in renal cortex and outer renal medulla

  • blood supply is by peritubular capillaries
  • 80-85% of nephrons
32
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

long nephron loops that reach deepest regions of the renal medulla
- blood supplied by peritubular capillaries + vasa recta
- 15-20% of nephrons

33
Q

why are the walls of a nephron thin?

A
  • single epithelial cell layer
  • facilitates exchange btwn blood and filtrate
34
Q

what cells compose the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

podocytes- simple squamous e.

  • pedicels wrap around endothelial cells of the glomeruli
35
Q

what cells compose the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

-simple squamous e.

36
Q

what is histology of the PCT

A

simple cuboidal e.
- microvilli on apical surface

37
Q

what is histology of nephron loop’s thin ascending limb

A

simple squamous e.

38
Q

what is histology of the nephron loop’s descending limb

A

simple squamous e.

39
Q

what is the histology of nephron loop’s thick ascending limb

A

simple cuboidal/low columnar

  • more cytoplasm needed b/c they fxn in secretion
40
Q

what is histology of DCT

A

simple cuboidal e.

41
Q

what is histology of last DCT and CD

A

simple cuboidal e.

  • principal cells
  • microvillous intercalated cells
42
Q

what are macula densa

A

columnar cells part of ascending limb of nephron loop

  • contains chemoreceptors that detect increased [Na+] in blood
43
Q

what are juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells on walls of afferent glomerular arteriole
- detect low blood pressure and secrete renin

44
Q

what are principal cells

A

simple cuboidal e. cells in collecting ducts
- express receptors for ADH and Aldosterone

45
Q

what are intercalated cells

A

microvillous simple cuboidal e. cells in DCT and CD that regulate blood pH by secreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3-

46
Q

why are injured nephrons not replaced

A

you are born w/ all nephrons you will ever have

47
Q

how do kidneys grow if you are born w/ all nephrons you will ever have

A

nephrons grow by increasing size and capacity

48
Q

what is a hypertrophic kidney?

A

an increased size kidney
- more susceptible to renal failure

a hypertrophic kidney usually develops when an individual loses one kidney, so the remaining one increases capacity and size to make up for the loss, but it becomes more susceptible to renal failure

49
Q

what is glomerular filtration

A

blood plasma and small enough dissolved substances get filtered into the glomerular capsule

50
Q

what is tubular reabsorption

A

water, ions, and other substances get reabsorbed from renal tubule lumen into peritubular capillaries and ultimately into systemic circulation

51
Q

what is tubular secretion

A

wastes, drugs, excess ions secreted from peritubular capillaries into renal tubule, ultimately making their way into urine

52
Q

what is the filtration fraction

A

portion of blood plasma that filters out of afferent glomerular arterioles (16-20% in healthy adults)

53
Q

what are the three barriers filtered substances cross during glomerular filtration?

A
  1. glomerular endothelial cells
  2. basal lamina of glomerulus
  3. pedicel’s slit membrane
54
Q

how do glomerular endothelial cells fxn in glomerular filtration

A

large fenestrations permit all (except RBCs) to exit capillaries
- regulated by mesangial cells

55
Q

what are mesangial cells

A

cells btwn efferent and afferent arterioles that contract to regulate filtration

56
Q

how does basal lamina of glomerulus fxn in glomerular filtration

A

collagen + ANIONIC glycoproteins permit water + small solutes out of capillaries but REPEL negatively-charged plasma proteins

57
Q

what are pedicels

A

foot-like processes of podocytes

58
Q

what is a flitration slit

A

spaces btwn pedicels

59
Q

how does slit membrane fxn in glomerular filtration

A

only very small molecules can pass through, prevents filtration of medium-sized proteins

  • water
  • ions
  • glucose
  • vitamins
  • amino acids
  • ammonia
  • urea
60
Q

why does filtration at renal corpuscle occur in larger volumes than at systemic capillaries?

A
  • glomerular capillaries have large SA for exchange
  • very permeable, leaky filtration membrane
  • glomerular capillary blood pressure is high
61
Q

why are efferent glomerular arterioles smaller in diameter than afferent glomerular arterioles

A
  • to increase vascular resistance in efferent glomerular arterioles, leading to high blood pressure in the capillaries
62
Q

how do mesangial cells regulate surface area glomerular capillaries have

A

mesangial cells contract= decreased SA

mesangial cells relaxed= increased SA

63
Q

what is bulk flow?

A

net movement of solutes down fluid pressure gradients into out of blood, regardless of solute’s conc. gradient

64
Q
A

A-BIOL 1191 LECTURE (9 decks)

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