Ch 27; Psychiatric Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia

A
Delusion or beliefs that distort reality
Hallucinations
Disorganized speech, senseless rhyming
Disorganized, agitated behavior
Blunted emotions, loss of interest and drive
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2
Q

Structural abnormalities in schizophrenia brains

A
weight less
enlarged ventricles
reduction of neuron in prefrontal cortex
abnormal cellular structure in prefrontal and hippocampus
hypofrontality during card sorting
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3
Q

Biochemical abnormalities in schizo

A

Decreased glutamate
decreased dopamine
increased GABA

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4
Q

Type of Schizophrenia

A

Type I; Acute Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms and more responsive to neuropleptics (anti-psychotics)
Type II Chronic Schizophrenia
Negative symptoms and structural abnormalities in the brain

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5
Q

Schizophrenia as Disorder of Development

A

Develops during late adolescence.
Slow emergence of brain abnormalities.
Combination of genetics and environment (no single gene and more combo of adverse events)

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6
Q

Neuropsychological assessment

A

poor performance on long term verbal and nonverbal memory

poor frontal-lobe funtioning

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7
Q

Mood Disorders

Clinical Depression

A

Prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt, behavioral slowing, and disrupted eating and sleeping

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8
Q

Mood Disorders

Mania

A

Excessive euphoria

Hyperactivity

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9
Q

Mood disorders

Bipolar disorders

A

Periods of depression and mania

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10
Q

Depression

A

Reduction of monoamines
Brain-derived neurotrophies factors (BDNF):
upregulated by SSRIs, downregulated by stress, and dysfunction may affect functioning of monoamine synapses
Fluoxetine (prozac)
SSRI and stimulates BDNF and neurogenesis in the hippocampus

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11
Q

Bipolar DIsorder

A

decrease in gray matter in the temporal lobe and cerebellum; decrease correlates with number of episodes
sensitization model; bipolar patients are sensitive to stress and drugs and episodes of mood disorder change the brain

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12
Q

neurobiological aspects of bipolar disorder

A

sensitization model;
genetically predisposed individuals may be more sensitive
there is a link between psychomotor-stimulants and mania
bipolars are at high rish for drug abuse and may be especially sensitive to the effects

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13
Q

Mood and micronutrients

A

Vitamins, minerals, and food
related to; inborn errors in metabolism, alterations in gene expression, epigenetic alterations in genes, and long-latency effects of nutritional abnormalities

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14
Q

Psychiatric symptoms of cerebral vascular disease

A

post-stroke patients

some experience depression and some generalized anxiety

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15
Q

psychosurgery

A

rarely performed, smaller lesion, does not replace activity

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16
Q

Motor Disorder

A

hyperkinetic; increased motor activity

hypokinetic; loss of movement

17
Q

Hyperkinetic; huntington’s chorea

A

genetic disorder, intellectual deterioration and abnormal movements, begins as a reduction of activity and a restriction of interest, and involuntary movement begin about a year later

18
Q

Symptoms of huntington’s chorea

A

movements; entail whole limbs, irregular, no pattern and affect head, face, trunk, and limbs
behavioral symptoms; personality changes, cognitive impairments, and anxiety, depression, mania and schizo-like psychoses
Brain abnormalities; shrinkage of the cortex, atrophy of the basal ganglia, imbalance among the neurotransmitter systems (death of GABA and ACh neurons in the basal ganglia)
poor performance on memory and frontal-lobe tests

19
Q

Tourette’s syndrome

A

three stages;
1. multiple tics
2. inarticulate cries are added to the tics
3. articluate words-echolalia; repeating what other say, coprolalia; obscene or lewd speech
treatment; antidopaminergic drugs and norepinephrine receptor agonists
subcortical origin - small cells in the basal ganglia
abnormalities in cognitive functions supported by right hemisphere

20
Q

Hypokinetic Disorders;

Parkinson’s disease

A

degeneration of the substantia nigra, loss of dopamine, variety of symptoms that vary from pt to pt, and symptoms resemble changes in motor activity that occur with age
symptoms; rigidity, tremor, akinesia, and postural disturbances

21
Q

Positive and negative symptoms

A

Positive; resting tremor, muscular rigidity and involuntary movements;
akathesia - cruel restlessness
oculogyric crisis - involuntary turns of the head and eyes to the side
negative symptoms;
disorders of posture, righting,, locomotion, and speech and akinesia

22
Q

clinical symptoms for parkinsonism

A

tremors in the hand, face becomes masklike and movements slow, 10-20 yrs progression on-again-off-again quality

23
Q

causes of parkinsonism

A

idiopathic - familial, part of the aging process, and viral origin
postencephalitic - occurs after
drug induced - ingest of tranquilizers, contaminant of heroin, environmental toxins, or depletion of dopamine

24
Q

psychological aspects of parkinson’s disease

A

cognitive functions - generalized behavior slowing, show symptoms similar to frontal lobe and basal ganglia lesion and impaired on the WAIS

25
Q

dementia

A

memory and other cognitive deficits

impairment in social and occupational functioning

26
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

neocortical changes - shrinkage of the cortex and neurons, loss of dendritic aborization

27
Q

putative causes of alzheimers disease

A
genetics, trace metals ( aluminum) and immune reactions (antibrain antibodies that cause neuronal degeneration)
blood flow (decreased)
abnormal proteins (increased)
28
Q

progression of alzheimer’s disease

A

gradual progression
impairment on the WAIS
language impairments
impaired on nearly all test of memory