Ch 26; Neurological disorders Flashcards
Vascular Disorder
Cerebral vascular accident (CVA
Ischemia
Thrombosis
Embolism
Migraine Stroke
occur with migraine attacks symptoms ; impaired sensory function, numbness of the skin, difficulties moving, and aphasia
appears as a transient ischemic attack
Cerebral hemorrhage
massive bleeding into the brain
caused by hypertension or high blood pressure
Angiomas and Aneurysms
Angiomas - congenital collection of abnormal blood vessels that divert the normal flow of blood
Aneurysms - vascular dilation; balloon expansion
congenital effects, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, embolism, or infections
treatment: drug therapy, supportive therapies, and surgery.
Traumatic brain injuries
direct damage, disrupting blood supply, inducing bleeding, swelling, infection, and scarring of the brain
Open-Head injuries TBI
skull penetration, neurological signs highly specific and rapid and spontaneous recovery
Closed_head TBI
Coup and countercoup, twisting and shearing of the fibers, bleeding and pressure, and edema
Outcomes; coma and behavioral effects-generalized impairments
Closed-heard TBI complaint
Inability to concentrate, bright people most affected on personality and social behavior cumulative effects (Glasgow coma scale > 8 normal)
Recovery from head injury
good recovery of cognitive
poor recovery of social and personality
epilepsy can be classified as
recurrent seizures, symptomatic seizures,(trauma, fever, vascular, neurological) and idiopathic random none noted)seizures
Symptoms for Epilepsy
Aura; warning of an impending seizure, loss of consciousness, and movement
diagnosed using EEG
(focal, generalized, akinetic, myoclonic)
Focal seizures
begin in one place and spreads
jacksonian focal seizures - begins with movement in one part of the body and spreads
complex partial seizures - subjective experiences before the attack, automatism, postural changes
Generalized seizures
bilaterally symmetrical
Grand mal attack- tonic stage (stiffening), clonic stage (repetitive), postseizure or postictal stage, and may be preceded by an aura
Petit mal attack (abence seizures) - loss of awareness, no motor activity, except blinking/rolling eyes/turning the head, and brief duration
Akinetic Seizure
seen in children, may collapse without any warning
Myoclonic spasms
massive seizures, sudden flexion or extension of the body
Treatment of epilepsy
anticonvulsant drugs
diphenylhydantoin (dilantin)
Phenobarbital
surgery
Tumors
Benign/Malignant
Types:
Glioma, meninioma, and metastaic tumor
treatment: surgery and radiation
Headaches: migraine
constriction in the occiptal lobe -> abnormal vision
aura that last for 20-40 minutes
occurs during vasoliation, intense pain, including nausea and vomiting lasting for hours or days
Common migraine, cluster headarche, and hemiplegic and ophthalmologic migraine
common- no clear aura, but may get a signal of the attack
cluster - unilateral pain with short duration, but recurs
Hemiplegic and ophthalmologic - rare and loss of movement of the limbs and eyes
Headarches associated with neurological disease
muscle-contraction headaches- tension or nervous headaches, steady pain and may include anxiety, dizziness, or bright spots in front of the eyes
nonmigrainous vascular headaches - dilation of the cranial arteries and cause fever, anoxia, anemia, high altitude, physical effort, hypoglycemia, food, or chemical agents
Treatment of Headaches
Migraine - vasoconstriction that lead to aura Ergotamine Compounds (caffeine) Tension headaches Muscle relaxant drugs minor tranquilizers Posture improvement reduction of stress
Infections (how do it kill neural cells)
Interference with blood supply, disturb glucose or oxygen metabolism, alteration of cell membranes, formation of pus, and edema
Brain Abscesses
secondary to infection elsewhere in the body
causes necrosis and increases intracranial pressure
Infections VIral and Bacterial
virus- neurotropic and pantropic difficult to treat
bacterial - meningitis (antibiotics and drainage)
Infections - Mycotic
Invasion of the nervous system by a fungus (antibiotics)
Myasthenia Gravis
Muscular fatigue
Insufficient acetylcholine receptors on the muscles
treatment: acetylcholine therapy for symptom removal and thymectomy and immunosuppressive therapy
Multiple Sclerosis
Loss of myelin mainly in the motor tracts Sclerotic plaques (scars where myelin been destroyed) Causes: bacterial infection, immune response, environmental factors, and vitamin D deficiency
Paralegia
Paralysis of the lower limbs
Transection of the spinal cord
spinal reflexes gradually return
immediate symptoms; loss of movements, bladder control, and thermoregulatory activity
Disorders of sleep
sleep studies; polygraph; records EEG electromyogram; records muscle activity electrooculogram; records eye movements thermometer; records body temp REM and non REM sleep
Sleep DIsorder
Narcolepsy-attack of sleep (inappropriate)
Sleep Attacks - brief, irresistible attacks of sleep, slow-wave non REM sleep
Cataplexy - loss of muscle tone, attack of REM sleep, occur with emotional excitement.
Sleep paralysis- transition between wakefulness and sleep and brief paralysis associtated with dreaming, but person has woken up
Hyponagogic hallucinations - episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations during sleep paralysis
Insomnia
Poor sleeper - decreased dream sleep, more transitions between stages, and claim that they been sleeping when awakened
associated with nightmares, restless legs syndrome, brain damage, sleep apnea, night terrors, or drug use
Sleep apnea
cessation of respiration during sleep, obstructive sleep apnea (caused by collapse of oropharynx)
central sleep apnea (failure of the diaphragm and accessory muscles to move)
