Ch 26; Neurological disorders

Question 1

Vascular Disorder

Answer 1

Cerebral vascular accident (CVA
Ischemia
Thrombosis
Embolism

Question 2

Migraine Stroke

Answer 2

occur with migraine attacks symptoms ; impaired sensory function, numbness of the skin, difficulties moving, and aphasia
appears as a transient ischemic attack

Question 3

Cerebral hemorrhage

Answer 3

massive bleeding into the brain

caused by hypertension or high blood pressure

Question 4

Angiomas and Aneurysms

Answer 4

Angiomas - congenital collection of abnormal blood vessels that divert the normal flow of blood
Aneurysms - vascular dilation; balloon expansion
congenital effects, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, embolism, or infections
treatment: drug therapy, supportive therapies, and surgery.

Question 5

Traumatic brain injuries

Answer 5

direct damage, disrupting blood supply, inducing bleeding, swelling, infection, and scarring of the brain

Question 6

Open-Head injuries TBI

Answer 6

skull penetration, neurological signs highly specific and rapid and spontaneous recovery

Question 7

Closed_head TBI

Answer 7

Coup and countercoup, twisting and shearing of the fibers, bleeding and pressure, and edema
Outcomes; coma and behavioral effects-generalized impairments

Question 8

Closed-heard TBI complaint

Answer 8

Inability to concentrate, bright people most affected on personality and social behavior
cumulative effects (Glasgow coma scale > 8 normal)

Question 9

Recovery from head injury

Answer 9

good recovery of cognitive

poor recovery of social and personality

Question 10

epilepsy can be classified as

Answer 10

recurrent seizures, symptomatic seizures,(trauma, fever, vascular, neurological) and idiopathic random none noted)seizures

Question 11

Symptoms for Epilepsy

Answer 11

Aura; warning of an impending seizure, loss of consciousness, and movement
diagnosed using EEG
(focal, generalized, akinetic, myoclonic)

Question 12

Focal seizures

Answer 12

begin in one place and spreads
jacksonian focal seizures - begins with movement in one part of the body and spreads
complex partial seizures - subjective experiences before the attack, automatism, postural changes

Question 13

Generalized seizures

Answer 13

bilaterally symmetrical
Grand mal attack- tonic stage (stiffening), clonic stage (repetitive), postseizure or postictal stage, and may be preceded by an aura
Petit mal attack (abence seizures) - loss of awareness, no motor activity, except blinking/rolling eyes/turning the head, and brief duration

Question 14

Akinetic Seizure

Answer 14

seen in children, may collapse without any warning

Question 15

Myoclonic spasms

Answer 15

massive seizures, sudden flexion or extension of the body

Question 16

Treatment of epilepsy

Answer 16

anticonvulsant drugs
diphenylhydantoin (dilantin)
Phenobarbital
surgery

Question 17

Tumors

Answer 17

Benign/Malignant
Types:
Glioma, meninioma, and metastaic tumor
treatment: surgery and radiation

Question 18

Headaches: migraine

Answer 18

constriction in the occiptal lobe -> abnormal vision
aura that last for 20-40 minutes
occurs during vasoliation, intense pain, including nausea and vomiting lasting for hours or days

Question 19

Common migraine, cluster headarche, and hemiplegic and ophthalmologic migraine

Answer 19

common- no clear aura, but may get a signal of the attack
cluster - unilateral pain with short duration, but recurs
Hemiplegic and ophthalmologic - rare and loss of movement of the limbs and eyes

Question 20

Headarches associated with neurological disease

Answer 20

muscle-contraction headaches- tension or nervous headaches, steady pain and may include anxiety, dizziness, or bright spots in front of the eyes
nonmigrainous vascular headaches - dilation of the cranial arteries and cause fever, anoxia, anemia, high altitude, physical effort, hypoglycemia, food, or chemical agents

Question 21

Treatment of Headaches

Answer 21

Migraine - vasoconstriction that lead to aura
Ergotamine Compounds (caffeine)
Tension headaches
Muscle relaxant drugs
minor tranquilizers
Posture improvement
reduction of stress

Question 22

Infections (how do it kill neural cells)

Answer 22

Interference with blood supply, disturb glucose or oxygen metabolism, alteration of cell membranes, formation of pus, and edema

Question 23

Brain Abscesses

Answer 23

secondary to infection elsewhere in the body

causes necrosis and increases intracranial pressure

Question 24

Infections VIral and Bacterial

Answer 24

virus- neurotropic and pantropic difficult to treat

bacterial - meningitis (antibiotics and drainage)

Question 25

Infections - Mycotic

Answer 25

Invasion of the nervous system by a fungus (antibiotics)

Question 26

Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 26

Muscular fatigue
Insufficient acetylcholine receptors on the muscles
treatment: acetylcholine therapy for symptom removal and thymectomy and immunosuppressive therapy

Question 27

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 27

Loss of myelin mainly in the motor tracts
Sclerotic plaques (scars where myelin been destroyed)
Causes: bacterial infection, immune response, environmental factors, and vitamin D deficiency

Question 28

Paralegia

Answer 28

Paralysis of the lower limbs
Transection of the spinal cord
spinal reflexes gradually return
immediate symptoms; loss of movements, bladder control, and thermoregulatory activity

Question 29

Disorders of sleep

Answer 29

sleep studies; 
polygraph; records EEG
electromyogram; records muscle activity
electrooculogram; records eye movements
thermometer; records body temp
REM and non REM sleep

Question 30

Sleep DIsorder

Answer 30

Narcolepsy-attack of sleep (inappropriate)
Sleep Attacks - brief, irresistible attacks of sleep, slow-wave non REM sleep
Cataplexy - loss of muscle tone, attack of REM sleep, occur with emotional excitement.
Sleep paralysis- transition between wakefulness and sleep and brief paralysis associtated with dreaming, but person has woken up
Hyponagogic hallucinations - episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations during sleep paralysis

Question 31

Insomnia

Answer 31

Poor sleeper - decreased dream sleep, more transitions between stages, and claim that they been sleeping when awakened
associated with nightmares, restless legs syndrome, brain damage, sleep apnea, night terrors, or drug use

Question 32

Sleep apnea

Answer 32

cessation of respiration during sleep, obstructive sleep apnea (caused by collapse of oropharynx)
central sleep apnea (failure of the diaphragm and accessory muscles to move)