Ch 23 , 25: Plasticity

Question 1

Stage 1: Neurogenesis

Answer 1

Neural stem cells produce neuro blast and glial blast from progenitor cells. Neurons and glia also produce in hippocampus and olfactory bulb.

Question 2

Stage 2: Cell Migration

Answer 2

Cells migrate along radial glial fibers

continues to 8 mo after birth

Question 3

Stage 3: Cell Differentiation

Answer 3

Specialization of the blast cells.
Neural-> interneuron and projecting neurons
Glial-> Oligodendroglia and Astrocyte
Complete at birth

Question 4

Stage 4; Neural Maturation

Answer 4

Development of dendrites in 2 step;
dendritic arborization and growth of dendritic spines (slow process)
Development of axons are faster and mechanisms (structure, distance, signals, and branches) Continues after birth

Question 5

Stage 5 and 6; Synapse formation and pruning

Answer 5

Gene, biochemical, and electrical signaling guide formation of synapses.

Question 6

Experience expectant

Answer 6

Depend on the presences of certain sensory experiences for organization

Question 7

Experience dependent

Answer 7

refer to generation synapses that are unique to and individual organism

Question 8

Myelogenesis

Answer 8

Cerebral Maturation throughout lifespan

Question 9

Piaget: stages of cognitive development

Answer 9

Sensorimotor(birth-18-24mo) Object permanence
Preoperational (2-6yrs) can represent things with words and drawings
Concrete operation(7-11 yrs) conservation, mathematical transformation
Formal operation (>12 yrs) abstract reasoning

Question 10

Growth Spurts

Answer 10

Large increase in mass of brain in irregular periods due to increase in metabolism, synapse, blood volume to brain

Question 11

Environmental Deprivation

Answer 11

Structure can be molded into different forms. Influenced by external and internal factors (more disruption after 18 mo)

Question 12

brain injury and plasticity

Answer 12

effects depend on behavior, speech, extent and location of the damages and age during the time the injury occur

Question 13

Effects of early brain lesions on brain structure later in life

Answer 13

plastic changes in brain that support recovery; intact circuits of the brain re-orgainze, new circuitry is generated, and neurons and glial are generated to replace the lost neurons

Question 14

Evidence of plasticity on brain structure later in life

Answer 14

cortical connectivity; abnormal connection after day 1, hemidecortications-> connection expand and improve function

Question 15

Neural Plasticity can be studied through

chapter 25

Answer 15

observable behavior, cerebral maps, synaptic organization, physiological organization, molecular structure, and mitosis.

Question 16

Somatosensory Plasticity

Answer 16

Motor and sensory maps can be altered by experience - not alway adaptive

Question 17

Plasticity in synaptic organization

Answer 17

dendritic arborizations; synapse number and size

Question 18

Plasticity in physiological organization: Long-term potentiation

Answer 18

enhanced synaptic transmission after electrical stimulation of a cell
Hippocampus

Question 19

Plasticity in physiological organization; Kindling

Answer 19

development of persistent seizure activity after repeated exposure to an initially subconvulsant stimulus
Amygdala

Question 20

Plasticity in Molecular Structure Epigenetics

Answer 20

allows researcher to see what genes are affected by certain experiences

Question 21

Plasticity in Mitotic Activity

Answer 21

Olfactory bulb and hippocampus produce new neurons in adults

Question 22

examples of functional restitution

Answer 22

Recovery from aphasia;
Head-injury pt (vs stroke) show most rapid and most complete recovery
Deficits are least severe in anomic(naming object) pt and most severe in global aphasic(every aspect)
Rate of recovery similar in all patients
During recovery, progress to other stages

Question 23

Recovery from Aphasia

Answer 23

Most recovery in first 3 mo
Younger pt better recovery
Right hemisphere is more resistant to damage

Question 24

Function restitution; return to daily life

Answer 24

when employment is used as a measure of recovery
sibling relationship suffer more along with social and leisure activities
Measure of recovery often overlook the strategies the person is using

Question 25

Variable affecting recovery

Answer 25

Young age
female and left handedness
Higher iq intelligence
and optimistic/positive personality

Question 26

Plasticity in the injured brain

Answer 26

functional imaging after cerebral injury-
post stroke changes; reorganization take place bilaterally
capacity for reorganization declines with increases in stroke size and age
considerable variability exists between patients