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Microbiology > CH 27 - Genitourinary Tract Infections > Flashcards

CH 27 - Genitourinary Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Catheter
(definition)

A

Flexible tube that can be inserted into the bladder or other body location in order to drain or deliver fluids

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2
Q

Chancre
(definition)

A

Ulcerating sore that develops during initial stage of syphilis

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3
Q

Cystitis
(definition)

A

Inflammation of the bladder

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4
Q

Papilloma
(definition)

A

Abnormal tissue growth that projects outward (ex: wart)

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5
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
(definition)

A

Infection of fallopian tubes, uterus, or ovaries

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6
Q

Pyelonephritis
(definition)

A

Infection of kidneys

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7
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome
(definition)

A

Potentially life-threatening drop in BP due to circulating bacterial toxin

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8
Q

Normal Microbiota:
Urethra

A

Supports colonization by microorganisms

Primary species:
1. Lactobacillus
2. Staphylococcus

Microbes can move up to infect kidneys

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9
Q

Normal Microbiota:
Male Reproductive System

A

Region above prostrate meant to be sterile

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10
Q

Normal Microbiota:
Female Reproductive System

A

Vagina colonized by various microorganisms

Composition varies depending on hormone levels

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11
Q

Bacterial Cystitis:
Causative Agents

A

Inflammation of the bladder

  1. E.coli
    - Most common (80-90% in women)
    - Uropathogenic E.coli (UPEC)
  2. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
    - 5-10% in younger women
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12
Q

Bacterial Cystitis:
Symptoms

A

Abrupt onset

  • Burning pain on urination
  • Cloudy urine
  • Odor
  • May have pale red color (blood)
  • Tenderness

Complication = pyelonephritis (kidney infection)

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13
Q

Bacterial Cystitis:
Catheters

A

Often lead to chronic infections

  1. Pseudomonas
  2. Serratia
  3. Enterococcus
  4. Proteus
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13
Q

Bacterial Cystitis:
Pathogenesis

A

Organisms reach bladder by ascending from urethra
- Attach to receptors on bladder lining

Pyelonephritis
- Bacteria ascend ureters & damage kidneys

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14
Q

Bacterial Cystitis:
Treatment

A

Antibiotic therapy

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14
Q

Leptospirosis:
Causative Agent

A

Leptospira interrogans
- Spirochete

Normally lives in many wild & domestic animals (zoonotic disease)

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15
Q

Leptospirosis:
Virulence Factors

A

Virulent stains:

  1. Make adhesins
  2. Can evade complement activity
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16
Q

Leptospirosis:
Symptoms

A
  • Abrupt fever
  • Myalgia
  • Muscle stiffness
  • Headache
  • Rarely fatal
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17
Q

Leptospirosis:
Pathogenesis

A

Contact with urine of infected animal or urine-contaminated water
- Through skin or mucous membrane

Spirochete travels via bloodstream through body

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18
Q

Leptospirosis:
Epidemiology

A

Occurs throughout world

Rare in US

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19
Q

Leptospirosis:
Treatment

A

Antibiotics

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20
Q

Leptospirosis:
Prevention

A

Avoiding contaminated water

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21
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis:
Causative Agent

A

Dysbiosis

Caused by different bacteria that predominate when Lactobacilli are lower

Ex: Gardenerelli vaginalis & Mycoplasma hominis

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22
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis:
S/S

A

White vaginal discharge with distinct color

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23
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis:
Pathogenesis/Epidemiology

A

Associated with having multiple sexual partners & vaginal douching

Increases risk of other STDs (ex: HIV)

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24
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis:
Diagnosis

A

S/S

“Clue cells”
- Vaginal epithelial cells coated with bacteria

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25
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis:
Treatment

A

Oral/vaginal metronidazole

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26
Q

Vaginal Candidiasis:
Causative Agent

A

Candida albicans

Overgrowth of fungus

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27
Q

Vaginal Candidiasis:
S/S

A

Severe vaginal itching/burning

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28
Q

Vaginal Candidiasis:
Pathogenesis/Epidemiology

A

Candida multiples rapidly when vaginal pH changes

Antibiotic usage reduces bacterial flora & leads to

Oral birth control leads to

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29
Q

Vaginal Candidiasis:
Treatment & Prevention

A

Fluconazole (Diflucan)

OTC Monistat

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30
Q

Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome:
Causative Agent

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Some strains produce toxic shock syndrome toxin
- Super antigens
- Cause excessive cytokine production by T cells

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31
Q

Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome:
S/S

A
  • Sudden onset fever
  • Chills
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Low BP
  • Confusion
  • Severe red rash
  • Individuals go into shock if untreated
32
Q

Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome:
Diagnosis

A

Based on S/S

33
Q

Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome:
Treatment

A

Requires removal of foreign material & antimicrobial drugs

34
Q

Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome:
Prevention

A

Avoiding tampons or using less absorbent tampons reduces risk

35
Q

Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome:
Super antigens

A
  1. Override specificity of T cells response
    - Causes toxic effects due to massive release of cytokines by large number of helper T cell
  2. Short-circuit normal control mechanisms of antigen process & presentation
    - Binds MHC class II & T cell receptor
    - Causes activation of 1 in 5 T cells (instead of 1 in 10,000)
36
Q

Gonorrhea:
Causative Agent

A

Neisseria gonorrhea
- G- diplococcus

37
Q

Gonorrhea:
S/S (men & women)

A

Men:
- Painful urination
- Pus-filled discharge

Women = generally asymptomatic

38
Q

Gonorrhea:
Pathogenesis

A

Infect ONLY humans

Transmitted primarily via sexual contact
- Associated with multiple sexual partners

Attach to non-ciliated epithelial cells via pili
- Urethra, uterine cervix, pharynx, conjunctiva

Antigenic variation (pili)
- Allows escape from Ab

39
Q

Gonorrhea:
Untreated Disease in Men…

A

Can lead to complications:
- UTIs
- Orchitis (inflammation of 1 or both testicles)
- Sterility

40
Q

Gonorrhea:
Gonococcal Conjunctivitis of Newborn

A

Infection of newborn during birth
- Acquired from infected birth canal

Can lead to blindness

Prevented with silver nitrate or erythromycin (given within 1 hr of birth)

41
Q

Gonorrhea:
Untreated Women…

A

Can develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Can lead to sterility

42
Q

Gonorrhea:
Diagnosis

A

Based on S/S

43
Q

Gonorrhea:
Treatment

A

Oral cephalosporin & quinolone

44
Q

Gonorrhea:
Prevention

A

NO vaccine

45
Q

Chlamydia Infections:
Causative Agent

A

Chlamydia trachomatis
- Obligate intracellular G-

Developmental cycle:
- Elementary bodies = infective form
- Reticulate bodies = reproductive form

46
Q

Chlamydia Infections:
S/S (females & males)

A

Females:
- Most are asymptomatic
- Infection can lead to PID, sterility

Males:
- Painful urination
- Pus discharge from penis

47
Q

Chlamydia Infections:
Lymphogranuloma venereum

A

Severe form of disease

Transient genital lesion & bubo in groin

48
Q

Chlamydia Infections:
Pathogenesis

A

Enter body through abrasions or lacerations
- Infect cells of conjunctiva or cells lining mucous membranes

Infection in adolescence associated with increased risk of cervical cancer

49
Q

Chlamydia Infections:
Epidemiology

A

Most common reportable STD in US

50
Q

Chlamydia Infections:
Diagnosis

A

Demonstration of chlamydial DNA following PCR amplification

51
Q

Chlamydia Infections:
Treatment

A

Antibacterial drugs

52
Q

Chlamydia Infections:
Prevention

A

Safe sex practices

53
Q

Syphilis:
Causative agent

A

Treponema pallidum
- Motile spirochete

Cannot be cultivated in lab outside cells
- Grown in rabbit testes

Darkfield microscopy used for ID

54
Q

Syphilis:
Stages of Disease

A
  1. Primary syphilis
  2. Secondary syphilis
  3. Latent syphilis
  4. Tertiary syphilis
55
Q

Syphilis:
Primary Syphilis (S/S)

A

Presence of chancre (painless/hard lesion)

56
Q

Syphilis:
Secondary Syphilis (S/S)

A
  • Widespread rash
  • Sore throat
  • Headache
  • Mild fever
  • Malaise
  • Myalgia
57
Q

Syphilis:
Latent Syphilis (S/S)

A

NO clinical signs

58
Q

Syphilis:
Tertiary Syphilis (S/S)

A
  • Gummas (granulomas)
  • Dementia
  • Blindness
  • Paralysis
  • Heart failure
59
Q

Syphilis:
Pathogenesis

A

Penetrates mucous membranes & abraded skin

Low infecting dose (<100 organisms)

Multiplies in localized area
- Spread to lymph nodes & bloodstream

60
Q

Syphilis:
Epidemiology

A

NO animal reservoir (lives only in humans)

Transmitted via sexual contact
- Can be passed during childbirth (mother to child)
- Blood test used a potential screening method

61
Q

Syphilis:
Prevention

A

NO vaccine

Safe sex practices decrease risk (ex: condom use)

Prompt identification & treatment of infected individuals & contacts

62
Q

Syphilis:
Treatment

A

Primary & secondary stages effectively treated with antibiotics

Antibiotics somewhat effective in tertiary (must be treated longer)

63
Q

Genital Herpes:
Causative Agent

A

Herpes simplex virus
- Type 2 = main cause
- Type 1 = causes oral herpes (can infect genitals through oral sex)

Virus becomes latent in nerve cells

64
Q

Genital Herpes:
S/S

A

Small bisters on/arounds genitals or rectum

65
Q

Genital Herpes:
Pathogenesis

A

Spread through sexual contact

Herpes virus kills epithelial cells at infection site

Blisters may form at sites far removed from initial infection site

66
Q

Genital Herpes:
Epidemiology

A

Genital herpes quadruples risk of HIV infection

67
Q

Genital Herpes:
Diagnosis

A

Based on characteristic lesion

68
Q

Genital Herpes:
Treatment

A

Administration of acyclovir or other antiviral agents to suppress virus

69
Q

Genital Herpes:
Prevention

A

Abstinence

Condoms (reduce risk of transmission)

70
Q

Genital Warts:
Causative Agent

A

Human papillomaviruses
- dsDNA
- Non-enveloped

Nearly 100 types
- 30 transmitted sexually
- 15 types strongly associated with cancer

71
Q

Genital Warts:
S/S

A

Warts range in size from small bumps to giant forms (condylomata cuminata)

72
Q

Genital Warts:
Pathogenesis

A

HPV invades skin/mucous membranes of penis, vagina, or anus

Infection can lead to cervical cancer in women

73
Q

Trichomoniasis:
Causative Agent

A

Trichomonas vaginalis
- Protozoan parasite

74
Q

Trichomoniasis:
S/S (females & males)

A

Females:
- Foul-smelling, yellow/green vaginal discharge
- Vaginal irritation

Males = typically asymptomatic

75
Q

Trichomoniasis:
Epidemiology

A

156 million worldwide cases

3rd most common sexually transmitted infection in US (after HPV & chlamydia)

Most common curable STD in women

76
Q

Trichomoniasis:
Pathogenesis

A

Transmission via sexual intercourse

Individuals with multiple sexual partners or infected with other venereal disease at higher risk

77
Q

Trichomoniasis:
Diagnosis

A

Based on presence of Trichomonas in secretions of vagina, urethra, or prostate

78
Q

Trichomoniasis:
Treatment

A

Single dose of oral metronidazole

79
Q

Trichomoniasis:
Prevention

A

Safe sex practices

Refraining from sex with infected persons

Microbiology (15 decks)

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