Ch 27 Asepsis Infection Control Flashcards
Aerobic Bacteria
Bacteria that require oxygen to live and grow
Anaerobic Bacteria
Bacteria that can live without Oxygen
Antibody
Immunoglobulin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen
Antigen
Foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response
Antimicrobial
Antibacterial agent that kills bacteria or suppresses their growth
Asepsis
Absence of disease -producing microorganism using methods to prevent infection
Bacteria
The most significant and most commonly observed infection-causing agent
Categorized by shape spherical (cocci) , rod (bacilli) ,or corkscrew (spirochete)
Categorized as gram-positive or gram-negative
Disinfection
Process used to destroy microorganism ; destroys all pathogenic organism except spores
Endemic
something that occurs with predictability in one specific region or population and can appear in a different geographical location
Endogenous
Infection in which the causative organism comes from microbial life the person harbors
Exogenous
Infection in which the causative organism is acquired from outside the host
Fungi
Plant like organism (molds , yeast) tha can cause infection
Health-Care Associated Infection
An infection that was not present on admission to the hospital and develops during the course of treatment for other consideration (nosocomial)
Joint commission consider death or serious injury caused by HAI’s a sentinel event and must be reported
Host
Animal or person on or within which microorganism live
Iatrogenic
Infection that occurs as a result of a treatment or diagnostic procedure
Infection
Disease state resulting from pathogens in or on the body
Isolation
Protective procedure designed to prevent the transmission of specific microorganisms also called protective aseptic technique and barrier techniques
Medical asepsis
Practices designed to reduce the number and transfer of pathogens; synonym for clean technique
Nosocomial
Something originating or taking place in the hospital (infection)!
Pathogens
Disease-producing microorganism in or on the body
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Gloves, gowns, masks, and protective eye gear designed to minimize or prevent the healthcare workers exposure to infectious material
Reservoir
Natural habitat for the growth and multiplication of microorganisms
Examples : other people, animals, soil food water, milk, and inanimate objects
In people bodily fluid waste
Standard Precautions
CDC precautions used in the care of all patients regardless of their diagnosis of possible infection status; this category combines universal and body substance precautions
Sterilization
The process by which all microorganisms, including spores are destroyed (2) surgical procedure performed to render a person infertile
Surgical Asepsis
Practices that render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms; synonym for sterile technique
Transmission-Based precautions
CDC precautions used in patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes; used in addition to Standard Precautions
Vector
Nonhuman carriers such as mosquitoes ticks and live that transmit organisms from one host to another
Virulence
Ability to produce disease
Virus
Smallest of all microorganism can be seen only by using an electron microscope
Infection Cycle
Six components :
- Infection Agent bacteria, fungi , or virus
- Reservoir
- Portal of Exit
- Means of Transmission
- Portals of Entry
- Susceptible Host
Gram-positive
Gram-Negative
Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker cell walls (stained violet ) resists decolorization
Gram-negative bacteria have chemically more complex cell walls (do not stain) decolorizes
Portal of Exit ( Infection Cycle)
Point of escape for the organism from the reservoir ; to extend it influence
In human exit route includes: respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts breaks in the skin, blood and tissue
Means of transmission
Contact direct or indirect
Ingestion
Airborne cough sneeze attaches to dust < 5cm
Droplets similar to airborne >5cm
Vectors: mosquito, fly, ticks, lice, and nonhuman carriers
Stages of infection
- Incubation Period : the invasion of the pathogen and 1st sign of symptoms varying based on the pathogen
- Prodromal Stage: most infectious period early signs of disease are present but non-specific signs or symptoms fatigue, malaise , low grade fever
- Full Stage of Illness : presence of specific signs and symptoms
- Convalescent Period: recovery period from the infection
Assessing
Localized infection
Can result in redness, swelling, warmth in the involved area, pain or tenderness, and loss of function of the affected part
Assessing
Systemic infections
Manifestations include fever often accompanied by increase pulse and respiratory rate, lethargy, anorexia, and tenderness and enlargement of lymph nodes that drain area when an infection is present
MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus )
Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria resistant to broad spectrum of (methicillin) antibiotics
VISA: Vancomycin intermediate-resistant S. aureus
VRSA: vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
VRE : vancomycin-resistant enterococci
Antibiotics resistant has provided a formidable challenge because antibiotics
