Ch. 27 Flashcards
Ventilation
Movement of air in and out of lungs
Oxygenation
loading of oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin
Respiration
O2 and CO2 exchange of alveoli (external) and systemic capillaries (Internal)
Perfusion
Delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue
Dyspnea
Breathlessness
-Subjective experience of breathing difficulty
-Work of beathing>result
Dyspnea signs
-Flaring nostrils
-use of accessory muscles
-Head bobbing in children
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Pulmonary condition that wakes you up gasping for breath in the middle of the night
Sputum
-Color provides information of progression of a disease
-Microscopic appearance allows microorganism identity
Hemoptysis
-Coughing up blood = usually indicates infection or inflammation of bronchiole
-Severe indicates cancer
Eupnea
Normal Breathing
-Rhythmic + effortless
-Short expiratory pause with each breath
-occasional deeper breath (Sigh)
Sigh
1.5 - 2x normal tidal volume
Abnormal Patterns of breathing
patterns of breathing automatically adjust to minimize WOB
Purpose of a sigh
-Twice the tidal volume:10x/h
-Helps maintain normal breathing
-Equals out oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide explusion
Hyperpnea: Kussmaul Respiration
Occurs with Strenuous activity
-Increased ventilation rate/ greatly increases tidal volume
-no pause at the end of expiration
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
-alternating deep/shallow breathing
-includes periods of apnea 15-60s
-followed by increased respirations when returned to normal triggers apnea again
Cheyne-Stokes Syndrome cause
-Reduced blood flow to brain
-reduced brain impulses to respiratory center
Hypo/hyperventilation determination
Blood gasses
HypOventilation
Inadequate ventilation
Hypoventilation issue
CO2removal doesn’t keep up with CO2 production
Hypoventilation Result
HypERcapnia
HypERcapnia
Increased CO2 in blood stream
HypERventilation
Alveolar ventilation exceeds needs
Hyperventilation issue
Removal of more CO2 then produced
Hyperventilation Result
HypOcapnia