Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLSC 222 > Ch. 27 > Flashcards

Ch. 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air in and out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Oxygenation

A

loading of oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange of alveoli (external) and systemic capillaries (Internal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Perfusion

A

Delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dyspnea

A

Breathlessness
-Subjective experience of breathing difficulty
-Work of beathing>result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dyspnea signs

A

-Flaring nostrils
-use of accessory muscles
-Head bobbing in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

A

Pulmonary condition that wakes you up gasping for breath in the middle of the night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sputum

A

-Color provides information of progression of a disease
-Microscopic appearance allows microorganism identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hemoptysis

A

-Coughing up blood = usually indicates infection or inflammation of bronchiole
-Severe indicates cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal Breathing
-Rhythmic + effortless
-Short expiratory pause with each breath
-occasional deeper breath (Sigh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sigh

A

1.5 - 2x normal tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Abnormal Patterns of breathing

A

patterns of breathing automatically adjust to minimize WOB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Purpose of a sigh

A

-Twice the tidal volume:10x/h
-Helps maintain normal breathing
-Equals out oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide explusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hyperpnea: Kussmaul Respiration

A

Occurs with Strenuous activity
-Increased ventilation rate/ greatly increases tidal volume
-no pause at the end of expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

-alternating deep/shallow breathing
-includes periods of apnea 15-60s
-followed by increased respirations when returned to normal triggers apnea again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Syndrome cause

A

-Reduced blood flow to brain
-reduced brain impulses to respiratory center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypo/hyperventilation determination

A

Blood gasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

HypOventilation

A

Inadequate ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypoventilation issue

A

CO2removal doesn’t keep up with CO2 production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypoventilation Result

A

HypERcapnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

HypERcapnia

A

Increased CO2 in blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

HypERventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation exceeds needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hyperventilation issue

A

Removal of more CO2 then produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hyperventilation Result

A

HypOcapnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

HypOcapnia

A

reduced CO2 in blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cyanosis cause

A

develops when 5grams of hemoglobin is desaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish discoloration of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cyanosis won’t be noticed

A

until it is severe
-insensitive indicator of respiratory failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

2 Types of cyanosis

A
  1. Peripheral cyanosis
  2. Central cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Peripheral cyanosis

A

-cause: poor circulation in fingers/toes due to peripheral vasoconstriction
-best seen in nail beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Central cyanosis

A

-Cause: decreased arterial oxidation (Low PaO2) from pulmonary disease
-best detected in buccal mucosa membranes and lips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Clubbing

A

-bulbus formations at ends of fingertips and toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Clubbing cause

A

disease that disrupt pulmonary circulation causing hypoxemia
-rarely visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Pain from pulmonary disorders

A

-almost always localized in chest wall
-can be pinpointed by unique sound called the pleural friction rub
-reproduced by pressing on sternum or ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Pleural friction rub

A

Pleural walls rub together to reduced fluid in pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

HypERcapnia causes

A

-Decreased drive to breath
-Depression of respiratory center
-Disease to medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

HypERcapnia result

A

Increased work of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

HypERcapnia effect

A

-Electrolyte (ionic) imbalances
= Dysrhythmia
-Severe = Coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

irregular heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is overlooked and appears normal

A

-HypOventilation
-It is important to obtain blood gases to confirm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hypoxemia causes

A
  1. related to issues with delivery of O2 to alveoli (ventilation) and delivery of blood to lung (Perfusion)
  2. Thickening of alveolar membrane or destruction of alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hypoxemia related to O2 delivery

A

-Amount of air entering to blood, depends on 2 factors
1. Amount of air entering alveoli (V)
2. Amount of blood perfusing capillaries around alveoli (Q)
-An abnormal ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) most common cause of hypoxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Shunt

A

-Normal perfusion
-inadequate ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Normal alveolar Dead space

A

-Normal ventilation
-Inadequate perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Acute respiratory failure Definition

A

Inadequate gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Acute respiratory failure gas levels

A

-PaO2 <60mmHg (TX: supplemental oxygen)
-PaCO2>50mmHg (TX: ventilatory support)
-pH < or = to 7.25 (normal 7.4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Acute respiratory failure is a potential

A

complication of major surgical procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Prevention of acute respiratory failure

A

-frequent turning and position changes
-deep breathing exercises
-early ambulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Causes of acute respiratory failure

A

-Pneumonia
-edema
-embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Chest wall restrictions (CWR): Cause

A

-deformity
-obesity
-neuromuscular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

CWR Result

A

-increased work of breathing
-usually decrease in tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

CWR pain from

A

-injury
-disease can can cause hypOventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

CWR

A

-Decreased tidal volume/increased breathing rate
-can lead to respiratory failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

CWR Flail Chest

A

-Fracture of consecutive ribs w or w/o sternum damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Flail Chest result

A

chest wall instability = paradoxical movement of chest when breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Paradoxical Breathing: Inspiration

A

-unstable portion of chest wall moves inward
(normal movement would be outward)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Paradoxical Breathing: Expiration

A

-portion moves outward
(normal movement would be inward)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Paradoxical breathing result

A

impaired ventilation of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Pleural abnormalities

A

-Pneumothorax
-Pleural Effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Pneumothorax

A

-Air or gas in pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Pneumothorax cause

A

rupture to visceral pleural (closest layer to lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Pneumothorax result

A

collapsed lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

-Fluid in pleural space from blood or lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Pleural Effusion diagnosis

A

-Chest x-ray
-Thoracentesis: Needle aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Empyema

A

-infected pleural effusion by microorganism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Empyema indicatio

A

pus in pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Empyema cause

A

pulmonary lymphatic tissue becomes blocked = contaminated lymphatic fluid moves into pleural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Empyema result from

A

surgery or bronchial obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Empyema TX

A

antibiotics and drainage of pleural space with chest tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Restrictive lung disease

A

difficulty with inspiration
(Expanding their lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Obstructive lung disease

A

difficulty with expiration

71
Q

Restrictive lung disease characterized

A

by decreased lung compliance = increased work of breathing at tidal volume

72
Q

Aspiration

A

passage of fluids/solids into lungs

73
Q

Aspiration cause

A

-abnormal swallowing mechanism
-cough reflex impaired
-can lead to pneumonia
-CNS or PNS abnormalities

74
Q

Aspiration TX

A

-Bronchoscopy
-Failure to remove results in infalmmation

75
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapse of lung

76
Q

Atelectasis: 2 types of alveoli collapse

A
  1. Compression atelectasis
  2. Surfactant impairment
77
Q

Compression Atelectasis

A

Caused by external pressure (tumor or fluid)

78
Q

Surfactant impairment

A

decreased production of surfactant

79
Q

When does Atelectasis tend to occur?

A

after surgery when using general anesthetic

80
Q

Atelectasis TX

A

Deep breathing exercises promotes ciliary removal of secretions

81
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

persistent abnormal dilation of bronchi (large airways)

82
Q

Obstructive bronchitis cause

A

-Inflammation due to mucus plugs
-Chronic inflammation

83
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

destruction of elastic/muscular bronchi wall = permanent dilation

84
Q

Bronchitis symptoms

A

-Chronic productive cough
-large amount of foul-smelling sputum

85
Q

itis

A

inflammation

86
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

inflammatory obstruction of small airways

87
Q

Bronchiolitis obliterans

A

fibrosis of airways = scarring

88
Q

BOOP

A

alveoli become filled with connective tissue

89
Q

Manifestations of Bronchiolitis

A

-rapid ventilatory rate
-dry non-productive cough

90
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

-Excessive amount of fibrous/connective tissue at alveoli

91
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis cause

A

-scar tissue left from previous disease (eg. tuberculosis)
-multiple injuries at different lung sites associated with abnormal healing

92
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis result

A

decreased lung compliance and external respiration (O2/CO2 exchange)

93
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis symptoms

A

dyspnea on exertion

94
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

excessive water on lungs
(normal lung is dry)

95
Q

Pulmonary edema cause

A

-left side heard disease

96
Q

Steps of pulmonary edema

A

-reduced left side CO
-blood cacked up from heart into lungs
-increased blood pressure in pulmonary capillaries
-fluid forced into interstitial space between capillary and alveoli
-when fluid flow exceeds lymph system capability to remove

causes pulmonary edema

97
Q

Severe COVID-19

A

manifested as viral pneumonia-induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

98
Q

ARDS

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

99
Q

Post-mortem studies

A

mortality patients had undetectable viral loads
-cytotoxic effects of virus not main cause of death
-Death caused by hosts runaway immune system

100
Q

Management of sever lung issues

A

intubation

101
Q

Asthma signs and symptoms

A

-dyspnea
-wheezing

102
Q

Restrictive lung disease examples

A

-Aspiration
-Atelectasis
-Bronchiectasis
-Bronchiolitis
-Pulmonary fibrosis
-Pulmonary edema
-COVID-19

103
Q

Obstructive lung disease examples

A

-Asthma
-COPD

104
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

105
Q

Types of COPD

A

-Emphysema
-Chronic bronchitis

106
Q

Aspirin

A

Commonly used for relieving pain, lowering fever, and reducing inflammation

107
Q

Asthma

A

-Chronic inflammatory disorder of bronchial mucosa

108
Q

Inflammation in asthma

A

-restricts airways
-hyper-immune response to irritants

109
Q

Early asthma attack

A

-Classic immune response: dendritic cells/helper T cells/T +B cells

110
Q

Early asthma attack result

A

-inflammation
-increased capillary permeability
-Increased fluid

111
Q

Late asthma attack

A

-4-8h after early attack
-Latent release of inflammatory mediators from original site

112
Q

Late asthma attack result

A

Increased damage of epithelial cells
= scarring
-increased mucus forming plugs
-increased airway resistance

113
Q

Asthma manifestation

A

-Individuals normal between attacks and pulmonary tests are normal
-Bronchospasms not reversed by usual treatment

114
Q

What are asthma attack manifestations considered

A

status asthmaticus

115
Q

in asthma if PaCO2 is > 70mmHg

A

sign of impending death

116
Q

Asthma TX

A

-Mild short acting inhalers
-Persistent: inhaled corticosteroids

117
Q

Pathophysiology of asthma

A

-inhaled antigen passes epithelial layer
-antigen binds to mast cells = release of mediators
-Mediators = mucus production in airway
-dendritic cells present antigen to helper T cells
-Helper T cells also activate eosinophil/neutrophil

118
Q

Mediators in asthma pathophysiology

A

-increase mucus production in airway
-broncho spasm
-edema from increased capillary permeability

119
Q

Dendritic cells in asthma pathophysiology

A

-present antigen to helper T cells
= B cell activation/activated B cells release antibodies

120
Q

Helper T cells in asthma pathophysiology

A

-Activate eosinophil/neutrophils
-inflammation from both result in airway obstruction

121
Q

Most common lung disease

A

COPD

122
Q

4th leading cause of death in the world

A

COPD

123
Q

COPD characteristics

A

-Persistent airflow limitation
-Chronic inflammatory response to noxious particle gas
-progressive

124
Q

COPD Chronic bronchitis

A

hypersecretion of mucus/chronic productive cough for at least 3 months of the year for 2 consecutive years

125
Q

COPD Chronic bronchitis cause

A

-inspiration irritants = inflammation/thickening of mucous membrane
=reduced radius of airways
=obstruction

126
Q

COPD Chronic bronchitis affects

A

initial large airways eventually all airways

127
Q

COPD airways collapse

A

in early exhaustion
= all air gets trapped in distal portion of the lungs
=hyperinflation
=hypoventilation

128
Q

COPD emphysema

A

permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways/destruction of alveolar walls

129
Q

COPD emphysema obstruction

A

due to destroyed walls of alveoli NOT mucus production or inflammation

130
Q

COPD emphysema destruction

A
  • of alveolar spaces
    -greatly increases diffusion distance between alveoli and capillary
131
Q

Result of COPD emphysema

A

-Reduced O2 and CO2 diffusion
-Expiration becomes difficult because of loss of recoil of normal alveoli

132
Q

Difference between Chronic Bronchitis and Emohysema

A

CB- Frequent cough with mucus
E- Shortness of breath

133
Q

Acute Bronchitis

A

-Acute infection/inflammation of airways
-Self-limiting
-usually due to viral infection

134
Q

Acute Bronchitis symptoms

A

-similar to pneumonia
-non-productive cough aggravated by cold dry air, dusty air

135
Q

Acute Bronchitis TX

A

-rest
-Aspirin
-cough suppressant
-antibiotics

136
Q

Pneumonia

A

infection of lower respiratory tract

137
Q

Pneumonia cause

A

Microorganisms
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Fungi
-Protozoa
-Parasites

138
Q

Categories of Pneumonia

A

-Hospital acquires pneumonia (HAP)
-Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)

139
Q

HAP

A

second most common healthcare associated infection
(Most common UTI)

140
Q

Common pathogen causing pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

141
Q

Common infectious route of S. pneumoniae

A

inhalation of infected individuals cough

142
Q

Pneumonia pathophysiology

A

-Bacteria biofilms seed lungs with bacteria from suction tubes
-Guardian cells
-Macrophages
result: immune response fills alveoli with debris
-Microorganisms release toxins causing further damage

143
Q

Guardian Cells

A

lower respiratory tract are cellular alveolar macrophages

144
Q

Macrophages

A

present antigens to adaptive immune system = activation of T + B cells

145
Q

Pneumonia production in hospitals

A

-suction tubes in hospitals become colonized with bacteria biofilms = suction results in seeding lungs with bacteria

146
Q

Tuberculosis cause

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

147
Q

Tuberculosis

A

leading cause of death from a CURABLE infectious disease in the world

148
Q

Tuberculosis transmission

A

Person to person via airborne droplets

149
Q

Tuberculosis pathophysiology step 1

A
  1. Pathogen reaches lung/engulfed by macrophages
    -survives and multiplies in macrophages
150
Q

Tuberculosis pathophysiology step 2

A
  1. Reproduction in macrophage causes a chemotactic response = more macrophages respond
    -tubercle forms
151
Q

Tuberculosis pathophysiology step 3

A
  1. macrophage start to die, releasing pathogen/this forms a center tubercle/dormant stage
152
Q

Tuberculosis pathophysiology stage 4

A
  1. tubercule center enlarges (liquification)/enlargement fills with air/aerobic pathogen start to multiply outside macrophage
153
Q

Tuberculosis pathophysiology stage 5

A
  1. Liquification continues/tubercle ruptures/pathogens disseminate throughout lung
154
Q

Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

A

-Pulmonary blood flow disrupted causing occlusions = destruction of vascular bed
-Causes dramatic alterations in perfusion/ventilation ratios

155
Q

Occlusions

A

blocking or closing of blood vessels

156
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Occlusion of portion of pulmonary vascular bed by embolus

157
Q

Pathophysiology of pulmonary embolus

A

Effect depends on
-Extent of pulmonary blood flow obstruction
-size of affect vessel
-nature of embolus
-resulting secondary effects

158
Q

Pulmonary artery hypertension

A

mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 25 mmHg

159
Q

Pulmonary artery hypertension pathophysiology

A

-endothelial dysfunction/over production of vasoconstrictors
-Increased growth factors = fibrosis = thickening of vessel walls
-narrowing of vessels/gas exchange reduced

160
Q

increase in pulmonary artery pressure =

A

increase pressure in right ventricle = right ventricle hypertrophy

161
Q

right ventricle hypertrophy =

A

failure (Cor Pulmonale)

162
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

right ventricle enlargement due to hypertrophy or dilation or both

163
Q

The result of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH)

A

Cor Pulmonale

164
Q

Increased work of right ventricle =

A

increased hypertrophy of normally thin-walled heart muscle

165
Q

Pressure overload

A

dilation/hypertrophy

166
Q

Dilation/hypertrophy =

A

failure of right ventricle

167
Q

Laryngeal cancer

A

-Primary risk factor: smoking/ risk increases when smoking is combined with alcohol consumption

168
Q

Laryngeal cancer sis linked to what virus

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

169
Q

Pathophysiology of Laryngeal cancer

A

-Carcinoma of vocal cords
-Metastasis occurs in lymph nodes but distant metastasis is rare

170
Q

Laryngeal cancer manifestations

A

-Hoarseness
-dyspnea
-cough
-cough following swallowing

171
Q

Laryngeal cancer diagnosis/ TX

A

-Biopsy
-radiation
-chemotherapy

172
Q

Lung Cancer

A

-tumors on respiratory tract epithelium
-leading cause of death in Canadians

173
Q

Leading causes of lung cancer

A

-Smoking
-gas exposure
-second hand smoke

174
Q

lung cancer pathophysiology

A

-tobacco smoke: contains 30 carcinogens/responsible for 90% of lung cancers
-tumor: result of GF and production of free radicals
-bronchial mucosa: suffers “hits” from tobacco smoke = epithelial damage
-progression: metastasis to brain bone marrow and liver

HLSC 222 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions