Ch. 2 Flashcards
1
Q
“Patho”
A
Suffering
2
Q
“Physio”
A
Functions of an organism
3
Q
“Logos”
A
System of formal study
4
Q
“Pathophysiology”
A
Underlying changes in body systems that result from disease or injury
5
Q
Signs
A
Objective evidence that can be observed or measured
6
Q
Signs example
A
Vital signs, fever
7
Q
Symptoms
A
Subjective experience that is apparent or reported by a patient
8
Q
Symptoms example
A
Sore throat, pain
9
Q
Acute Disease
A
Sudden appearance of signs and symptoms
10
Q
How long do Acute diseases last
A
Short (Few days-weeks)
11
Q
Chronic Disease
A
Develop slowly over time
12
Q
How long do chronic diseases last
A
longer (1 year or more)
13
Q
Incidence
A
Indicates a number of new cases
14
Q
Prevalence
A
-Indicates ALL current cases
-No differentiation between old and new
15
Q
Incidence vs. Prevalence exapmle
A
Y1- I=5 cases P=5 cases
Y2- I=5 cases P=10 Cases
Y3- I=5 cases P=15 Cases
16
Q
Short term disease
incidence and prevalence
A
Incidence and prevalence stay the same
17
Q
Short term disease example
A
common cold
18
Q
Chronic disease (I+P)
A
Prevalence increases yearly, incidence stays the same
19
Q
Chronic disease example
A
arthritis, lung disease
20
Q
Predisposing factor
A
-risk factor
-increases probability of disease occurance
21
Q
Precipitating factor
A
-Disease trigger
-Condition that causes disease
22
Q
Morbidity
A
Condition of being diseased
23
Q
Co-Morbidity
A
Multiple disorders occurring at the same time
24
Q
Mortality
A
Risk of death from the disease
25
Mortality example
2% of those infected with COVID-19 will pass away from the disease
26
Syndrome
-Group of signs and symptoms which occur together
-Characterize a particular abnormality or condition
-Concurrence
27
Syndrome example
Down Syndrome
28
Disorder
Abnormality of function
29
Epidemiology
Study of tracking patterns of disease occurrence
30
Remission
Symptoms disappear or deminish
31
Exacerbation
Sudden increase in severity
32
Complication
-Medical problem that occurs during a disease
-Or after a procedure or treatment
33
Complication example
-Something went wrong with a disease
-Operation for one thing causes another
34
Etiology
Cause of disease
35
Idiopathic
-Unknown cause
-Spontaneous origin
36
Latrogenic
Occurs as a result of treatment
37
Latrogenic example
Losing hair from cancer treatment
38
Nosocomial
-Disease originating in the hospital
-HAI
39
Modifiable Risk Factors =
Health Promotion
40
Genetic Order
-Organism
-Cells
-Chromosomes
-Genes
-DNA
41
Humans are composed of
20 000 protein coding genes
42
Genes are composed of
Double Helix DNA
43
All living things are made of
Genes
44
DNA
-Double helix model
-held by hydrogen bonds
45
DNA base components
-Backbone
-4 Nitrogen bases
46
Backbone is made of
Deoxyribose-phosphate molecules
47
Nitrogen Bases are
-Adenine + Thymine
-Guanine + Cytosine
48
How does DNA appear
Twisted ladder with chemical bonds as rungs
49
DNA Replication is due to
Antiparallel nature (+/- strands)
50
Strands serve as
A template for the production of the second strand
51
Negative strand is a template for
Positive strand
52
Positive strand is a template for
Negative strand
53
How does replication work
1. Strand breaks at replication fork
2. hydrogen bonds form between new complementary nucleotides
54
Result of replication
Construction of two identical copies of original DNA
55
What do 3 nitrogen bases do
Code for amino acids
56
Codon
3 sequential nucleotide bases
57
Body contains
20 different types of amino acids
58
Proteins are
composed of a specific combination of amino acids
59
DNA is transcribed
into mRNA
60
mRNA is translated
into proteins (mostly enzymes) by ribosomes
61
Order of nitrogen bases
| job of bases
-Form organisms genetic instructions
-It's a chemical "Language" of the cells instructions for what proteins to make
62
DNA making mRNA
| Process
-Coding and template strand divide
-Short RNA strand moves to template making amino acids
-Amino acids code for proteins
-RNA leaves nucleus (mRNA)
-Enters ribosome
-Creates protein
63
Order of making Proteins
-Nucleus
-Messenger
-Ribosome
-Protein
64
Protein Production
| process
1. Ribosome joins mRNA
2. tRNA transport anticodon amino acids to ribosomes
3. Anticodon base pairs with mRNA codon (amino acid)
4. String of anticodons form a polypeptide (protein chain)
5. Process ends with stop codon
65
DNA transcribed sequence of amino acids onto RNA
Ribosome translated the sequence into a Polypeptide chain
66
Gene
Segments of DNA that encode for specific proteins
67
DNA
Composed of a number of different genes
68
Chromosomes
Structure that organizes DNA into various sections
69
Genetics
-Study of genes
-How genes carry information
-How info is expressed
-How genes are replicated
70
Mitosis
- 2 Identical daughter cells
- 2n
71
Meiosis
- 4 unique daughter cells
- n
72
Review mitosis/meiosis diagram
73
Mutation occurs
During DNA replication
74
Substitution
-Inappropriate sequence of nucleotides
- 1 new amino acid
75
Substitution example
Sickle cell anemia
76
Insertion
-Insertion of new inappropriate nucleotides
-Multiple new amino acids
77
Deletion
-Appropriate nucleotide removal
-Multiple new amino acids
78
Deletion example
Cystic fibrosis
79
Mutation =
Evolution
80
Mutation w no benefit
No evolution
81
Mutation w negative benefit
extinction
82
Mutation w positive benefit
-Evolution
-Trait becomes dominant in environment
83
Change in amino acids =
Change in protein
84
Mutation types
-Base pair substitution
-Frameshift mutation
85
Base pair types
| Mutations
-Missense
-Nonsense
86
Missence
produce a new single amino acid
87
Nonsense
-Produce 1 of 3 stop codons
-UAA, UAG, UGA
88
Base pair substitution result
result in the change of 1 amino acid
89
Frameshift mutation types
-Insertion
-Deletion
Of one or more base pairs
90
Frameshift mutation results
-Greatly alter amino acid sequence
-Dramatic change to protein produced at ribosome
91
Genotype
-Refers to genetic material passed between generations
-Genetic
92
Phenotype
-Observable characteristics or traits of an organism
-Physical
93
Inheritance Models
-Autosomal Dominant
-Autosomal Negative
-X-Linked inheritance
94
Autosomal
Gene located on a numbered non-sex chromosome
95
Dominant
Single copy of disease-associated mutation is enough to cause disease
96
Recessive
Two copies of mutations required to cause disease
97
X-Linked
-Carried by mother
-Female Children: carriers
-Male Children: affected
98
Polygenic traits
-Traits affected by more than one gene
-Skin/hair colour
99
DNA is a _ ,containing _ that makes _
Long molecule containing genetic code and instructions for proteins essential to function
