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HLSC 222 > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

“Patho”

A

Suffering

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2
Q

“Physio”

A

Functions of an organism

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3
Q

“Logos”

A

System of formal study

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4
Q

“Pathophysiology”

A

Underlying changes in body systems that result from disease or injury

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5
Q

Signs

A

Objective evidence that can be observed or measured

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6
Q

Signs example

A

Vital signs, fever

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7
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective experience that is apparent or reported by a patient

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8
Q

Symptoms example

A

Sore throat, pain

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9
Q

Acute Disease

A

Sudden appearance of signs and symptoms

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10
Q

How long do Acute diseases last

A

Short (Few days-weeks)

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11
Q

Chronic Disease

A

Develop slowly over time

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12
Q

How long do chronic diseases last

A

longer (1 year or more)

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13
Q

Incidence

A

Indicates a number of new cases

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14
Q

Prevalence

A

-Indicates ALL current cases
-No differentiation between old and new

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15
Q

Incidence vs. Prevalence exapmle

A

Y1- I=5 cases P=5 cases
Y2- I=5 cases P=10 Cases
Y3- I=5 cases P=15 Cases

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16
Q

Short term disease

incidence and prevalence

A

Incidence and prevalence stay the same

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17
Q

Short term disease example

A

common cold

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18
Q

Chronic disease (I+P)

A

Prevalence increases yearly, incidence stays the same

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19
Q

Chronic disease example

A

arthritis, lung disease

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20
Q

Predisposing factor

A

-risk factor
-increases probability of disease occurance

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21
Q

Precipitating factor

A

-Disease trigger
-Condition that causes disease

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22
Q

Morbidity

A

Condition of being diseased

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23
Q

Co-Morbidity

A

Multiple disorders occurring at the same time

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24
Q

Mortality

A

Risk of death from the disease

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25
Q

Mortality example

A

2% of those infected with COVID-19 will pass away from the disease

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26
Q

Syndrome

A

-Group of signs and symptoms which occur together
-Characterize a particular abnormality or condition
-Concurrence

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27
Q

Syndrome example

A

Down Syndrome

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28
Q

Disorder

A

Abnormality of function

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29
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of tracking patterns of disease occurrence

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30
Q

Remission

A

Symptoms disappear or deminish

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31
Q

Exacerbation

A

Sudden increase in severity

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32
Q

Complication

A

-Medical problem that occurs during a disease
-Or after a procedure or treatment

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33
Q

Complication example

A

-Something went wrong with a disease
-Operation for one thing causes another

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34
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of disease

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35
Q

Idiopathic

A

-Unknown cause
-Spontaneous origin

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36
Q

Latrogenic

A

Occurs as a result of treatment

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37
Q

Latrogenic example

A

Losing hair from cancer treatment

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38
Q

Nosocomial

A

-Disease originating in the hospital
-HAI

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39
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors =

A

Health Promotion

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40
Q

Genetic Order

A

-Organism
-Cells
-Chromosomes
-Genes
-DNA

41
Q

Humans are composed of

A

20 000 protein coding genes

42
Q

Genes are composed of

A

Double Helix DNA

43
Q

All living things are made of

A

Genes

44
Q

DNA

A

-Double helix model
-held by hydrogen bonds

45
Q

DNA base components

A

-Backbone
-4 Nitrogen bases

46
Q

Backbone is made of

A

Deoxyribose-phosphate molecules

47
Q

Nitrogen Bases are

A

-Adenine + Thymine
-Guanine + Cytosine

48
Q

How does DNA appear

A

Twisted ladder with chemical bonds as rungs

49
Q

DNA Replication is due to

A

Antiparallel nature (+/- strands)

50
Q

Strands serve as

A

A template for the production of the second strand

51
Q

Negative strand is a template for

A

Positive strand

52
Q

Positive strand is a template for

A

Negative strand

53
Q

How does replication work

A
  1. Strand breaks at replication fork
  2. hydrogen bonds form between new complementary nucleotides
54
Q

Result of replication

A

Construction of two identical copies of original DNA

55
Q

What do 3 nitrogen bases do

A

Code for amino acids

56
Q

Codon

A

3 sequential nucleotide bases

57
Q

Body contains

A

20 different types of amino acids

58
Q

Proteins are

A

composed of a specific combination of amino acids

59
Q

DNA is transcribed

A

into mRNA

60
Q

mRNA is translated

A

into proteins (mostly enzymes) by ribosomes

61
Q

Order of nitrogen bases

job of bases

A

-Form organisms genetic instructions
-It’s a chemical “Language” of the cells instructions for what proteins to make

62
Q

DNA making mRNA

Process

A

-Coding and template strand divide
-Short RNA strand moves to template making amino acids
-Amino acids code for proteins
-RNA leaves nucleus (mRNA)
-Enters ribosome
-Creates protein

63
Q

Order of making Proteins

A

-Nucleus
-Messenger
-Ribosome
-Protein

64
Q

Protein Production

process

A
  1. Ribosome joins mRNA
  2. tRNA transport anticodon amino acids to ribosomes
  3. Anticodon base pairs with mRNA codon (amino acid)
  4. String of anticodons form a polypeptide (protein chain)
  5. Process ends with stop codon
65
Q

DNA transcribed sequence of amino acids onto RNA

A

Ribosome translated the sequence into a Polypeptide chain

66
Q

Gene

A

Segments of DNA that encode for specific proteins

67
Q

DNA

A

Composed of a number of different genes

68
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structure that organizes DNA into various sections

69
Q

Genetics

A

-Study of genes
-How genes carry information
-How info is expressed
-How genes are replicated

70
Q

Mitosis

A
  • 2 Identical daughter cells
  • 2n
71
Q

Meiosis

A
  • 4 unique daughter cells
  • n
72
Q

Review mitosis/meiosis diagram

A
73
Q

Mutation occurs

A

During DNA replication

74
Q

Substitution

A

-Inappropriate sequence of nucleotides
- 1 new amino acid

75
Q

Substitution example

A

Sickle cell anemia

76
Q

Insertion

A

-Insertion of new inappropriate nucleotides
-Multiple new amino acids

77
Q

Deletion

A

-Appropriate nucleotide removal
-Multiple new amino acids

78
Q

Deletion example

A

Cystic fibrosis

79
Q

Mutation =

A

Evolution

80
Q

Mutation w no benefit

A

No evolution

81
Q

Mutation w negative benefit

A

extinction

82
Q

Mutation w positive benefit

A

-Evolution
-Trait becomes dominant in environment

83
Q

Change in amino acids =

A

Change in protein

84
Q

Mutation types

A

-Base pair substitution
-Frameshift mutation

85
Q

Base pair types

Mutations

A

-Missense
-Nonsense

86
Q

Missence

A

produce a new single amino acid

87
Q

Nonsense

A

-Produce 1 of 3 stop codons
-UAA, UAG, UGA

88
Q

Base pair substitution result

A

result in the change of 1 amino acid

89
Q

Frameshift mutation types

A

-Insertion
-Deletion
Of one or more base pairs

90
Q

Frameshift mutation results

A

-Greatly alter amino acid sequence
-Dramatic change to protein produced at ribosome

91
Q

Genotype

A

-Refers to genetic material passed between generations
-Genetic

92
Q

Phenotype

A

-Observable characteristics or traits of an organism
-Physical

93
Q

Inheritance Models

A

-Autosomal Dominant
-Autosomal Negative
-X-Linked inheritance

94
Q

Autosomal

A

Gene located on a numbered non-sex chromosome

95
Q

Dominant

A

Single copy of disease-associated mutation is enough to cause disease

96
Q

Recessive

A

Two copies of mutations required to cause disease

97
Q

X-Linked

A

-Carried by mother
-Female Children: carriers
-Male Children: affected

98
Q

Polygenic traits

A

-Traits affected by more than one gene
-Skin/hair colour

99
Q

DNA is a _ ,containing _ that makes _

A

Long molecule containing genetic code and instructions for proteins essential to function

HLSC 222 (9 decks)

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